What Are The Hong Kong Protests All About?
By
Richard Enos
Richard Enos
In Brief
- The Facts:Protests in
Hong Kong against an 'Extradition Bill' that threatens the freedom of
residents have ramped up, to the point where the Hong Kong Airport had
to be shut down and the Chinese army is closer to intervening upon this
semi-autonomous nation.
- Reflect On:Is Hong Kong now the central theatre playing out the struggle between Eastern and Western sociopolitical ideologies?
I
decided to take on this article, first to inform myself better about
the motivations behind the Hong Kong protests, which have been
ratcheting up in recent days, and then to pass on a basic understanding
to you, the reader, so that together we can follow the events going on
in this allegedly ‘autonomous’ Chinese territory with some degree of
context.
First, it must be understood
that Hong Kong developed into a commercial powerhouse as a British
colony, and its residents enjoyed some aspects of democratic freedom not
available on mainland China. British rule of Hong Kong ended when it
was returned to China in July of 1997 under the framework of “one
country, two systems.” The “Basic Law” constitution guaranteed to
protect, for the next 50 years, the democratic institutions that
make Hong Kong distinct from Communist-ruled mainland China.
The struggle for an expansion of
democratic freedoms on the island have been ongoing in some form or
another ever since, with some initiatives specifically supported by the
“Basic Law.” Meanwhile, the national Chinese government has attempted to
resist such reforms, and has been working to augment its own power and
influence over Hong Kong:
- In 2003, Hong Kong’s leaders introduced legislation that would forbid acts of treason and subversion against the Chinese government. But when an estimated half a million people turned out to protest against the bill, it did not go forward.
- In 2007, China delayed constitutional plans to implement universal suffrage in elections for the chief executive of Hong Kong until 2017; however, they added more seats for lawmakers elected by direct vote in a way that divided the pro-democracy camp.
- In 2014, the Chinese government introduced a bill allowing Hong Kong residents to vote for their leader in 2017, but the candidates still needed to be approved by Beijing. Massive protests led legislators to formally reject the bill, and electoral reform stalled. As a result, the current chief executive, Carrie Lam, was hand-picked in 2017 by a 1,200-person committee dominated by pro-Beijing elites.
In other words, it was not a question of if there would be another populist uprising in Hong Kong, but when.
New Extradition Bill Is The Catalyst
Earlier this year, Chief Executive Lam
pushed amendments to extradition laws that would allow people to be sent
to mainland China to face charges. In some ways, this had a similar
agenda to the bill introduced in 2003 that would have directly forbidden
acts of treason and subversion against the Chinese government.
This latest bill is a bit more subtle,
but the end result would be the same: those Chinese dissidents who are
working for greater autonomy from mainland China and full democracy in
Hong Kong are de facto enemies of the state, since they are
working to erode China’s power over the economic and political affairs
of Hong Kong. And China wants to be able prosecute such activities.
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Even before this bill, Beijing’s
influence over Hong Kong had been on the rise. Activists have been
jailed and pro-democracy lawmakers disqualified from running or holding
office, while independent booksellers started disappearing from the
city, before reappearing in mainland China facing charges. And so when
the extradition bill came out, the population of Hong Kong clearly saw
it as an attempt to undermine and subvert The “Basic Law” and give
Beijing full authority to try pro-democracy activists under the judicial
system of the mainland.
Protests Erupted
Protests started small, relatively
speaking, but as we have seen with the Yellow Vest protests, attempts to
crack down with a hard hand are not deterring people as much as they
used to, and in fact protesters become emboldened by seeing an increase
in participation. Here is an early timeline of the protests:
- March 31: the first protest was attended by 12,000 pro-democracy protesters according to organizers (police put the peak figure at 5,200).
- April 28: an estimated 130,000 protesters joined the march against the proposed extradition law (police estimated 22,800 joined at its height), the largest since an estimated 510,000 joined the annual July 1 protests in 2014. A day after the protest, Chief Executive Carrie Lam was adamant that the bill would be enacted and said the Legislative Councillors had to pass new extradition laws before their summer break.
- June 9th: while reports suggested it had been the largest ever, it was certainly the largest protest Hong Kong has seen since the 1997 handover, surpassing the turnout seen at mass rallies in support of the Tiananmen protests of 1989 and July 1st demonstration of 2003. CHRF convenor Jimmy Sham said that 1.03 million people attended the march, while the police put the crowd at 270,000 at its peak.
- June 16th: even though a day earlier Carrie Lam announced that she would suspend the second reading of the bill without a set a time frame on the seeking of public views, the pro-democracy camp demanded a full withdrawal of the bill, and went ahead with the rally, which the Civil Human Rights Front claimed saw the participation of “almost 2 million plus 1 citizens.” The government issued a statement at 8:30 pm where Carrie Lam apologized to Hong Kong residents and promised to “sincerely and humbly accept all criticism and to improve and serve the public.” Still, she did not meet the protesters’ demands of withdrawing the bill completely or resigning.
As the timeline goes forward beyond the
suspension of the second reading of the bill, the protests have grown
bigger, with more widespread involvement. It is impossible to list all
the events that have taken place, but a good compilation can be found here.
Police have violently clashed directly
with protesters, repeatedly firing teargas and rubber bullets. As well,
it seems that there have been instances of unsanctioned pro-Beijing
thugs on a mission to injure protesters, where police did not intervene.
However, as political authorities are slowly learning in recent times,
protests that resist strong-arm tactics see their demands grow beyond
their initial grievance and demand reparations for state violence that
has occurred during the protests themselves. Protesters have vowed to
keep their movement going until these core demands are met:
- the resignation of the city’s leader, Carrie Lam
- an independent inquiry into police tactics
- an amnesty for those arrested
- a permanent withdrawal of the bill
The Geopolitical Context
The protests here are emblematic of a
larger struggle between different systems of national governance. Hong
Kong is a particularly unique case as it is a region that developed some
mature institutions of Western Democracy while still always being tied
to a major Eastern civilization.
Beijing has issued increasingly shrill
condemnations of the protest but has left it to the city’s
semi-autonomous government to deal with the situation. But that does not
mean they cannot influence even more serious internal measures. On
Thursday, Chen Daoxiang, the head of the Chinese army garrison in Hong
Kong, said the military was “determined to protect [the] national
sovereignty” of Hong Kong and would help put down the “intolerable”
unrest if requested. The army released a promotional video showing tanks
and soldiers firing on citizens in an anti-riot drill.
A tweet yesterday from the Editor in
Chief of China’s state-owned tabloid, Hu Xijin, warns of an imminent
showdown in the wake of protests at the Hong Kong airport that were so
disruptive that the Hong Kong airport authority advised all passengers
to leave the terminal buildings as soon as possible:
There is an implied threat that the mainland Chinese army may get involved. Chinese military vehicles have gathered in Shenzhen, a city in mainland China bordering Hong Kong, and military exercises may soon be underway.
Of course, the actions of the Chinese
government are being closely watched by the Western world, and there has
been no lack of condemnation for the strong-armed tactics of police.
The condemnation will only increase if the Chinese government institutes
even more severe measures. Countering this, Beijing has ramped up its
accusations that foreign countries are “fanning the fire” of unrest in
the city. China’s top diplomat Yang Jiechi has ordered the US to
“immediately stop interfering in Hong Kong affairs in any form”.
Whatever happens, the people in Hong
Kong seem quite steadfast in demonstrating that they don’t want to allow
meaningful change to be kicked down the road any longer, and certainly
don’t want any more limitations to their freedom. We will see how this
struggle plays out this time around.
The Takeaway
Before we start taking sides on the
issues behind this protest, it is important to note that neither
Chinese-style communism nor any current implementation of Western-style
democracy present themselves as true vehicles for the full burgeoning of
our individual sovereignty and our collective evolution.
Certainly the struggle in Hong Kong
provides more and more individual citizens the opportunity to implicate
themselves directly in our system of governance, and the ripple effect
of this is that more people in the world will awaken to the fact that
each and every one of us has an innate choice in the way we consent to
be governed as a society.
Once we clear the veils of control-based
deception and come to truly grasp our sovereignty and our ability to
choose, we will then be in a much better position to give an informed
consent to any social or political institutions we decide to create and
maintain.
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