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GLOSSARY
APPROXIMAL
SURFACE
Adjacent surfaces of teeth in the same jaw (upper or lower)
"BLIND"
See Examinations "Blind"
CALIBRATIONS
Readings or assessments made in appropriate units
CARIES
Progressive decay of teeth (or bones). See Dental Caries
CARIES
EXPERIENCE
The extent and severity of dental
caries within a population - usually measured with indexes such as DMFS
or DMFT etc.
CARIOGENIC
SUBSTANCE
One which produces decay (within
a tooth).
CARIOSTATIC
Decay retarding
DECIDUOUS
TEETH
(Primary or "milk"
teeth). These start to erupt around 6 months and are shed around 12 years
when the permanent teeth start to appear.
DEMINERALIZATION
Reduction of the mineral content
(principally, calcium and phosphorous) of a (issue, notably the enamel,
dentine or cementum of teeth.
DENTAL
CARIES
Disease of the teeth resulting in
the demineralization, cavitation and breakdown of calcified dental
tissues (enamel, dentine or cementum) by microbial activity.
DENTAL
DECAY
See Dental Caries
DENTAL
FLUOROSIS
A disturbance of tooth formation
caused by fluoride being present in the tissue fluids over a prolonged
period during tooth development. The disturbance results in the
development of porous enamel which has an altered appearance ranging from
the most mild forms, in which small flecks of white discolouration can be
observed on the tooth surface, to the most severe forms, in which the
enamel develops pitting and brown staining. Dental fluorosis must be
distinguished from other disorders of enamel including: enamel opacities
(see below) of non-fluoride origin; early `white spot' caries lesion;
enamel hypoplasia; amelogenesis imperfecta; dentinogenesis imperfecta;
and tetracycline stains.
DENTAL
PROPHYLAXIS
The prevention of dental disease,
especially dental caries.
DENTRIFICE
("TOOTHPASTE")
A pharmaceutical compound used in conjunction with the toothbrush to
clean and polish teeth. It contains a mild abrasive, a detergent,
flavouring agent, binder, and occasionally deodorants and various
medicaments designed as caries preventives, for example, fluoride and
antiseptics.
DENTITION
Natural teeth in the jaws
DEF, DMFT, DMFS, DIMFT, def, dft,
dfs, dmft
Indexes describing the dental caries experience of individuals or
populations. The DMFT index is computed by summing the number of
permanent teeth which are Decayed, Missing or Filled. For any person, the
index can range in value from zero to 32, the maximum number of teeth.
The DMFS index is a count of the number of permanent tooth surfaces which
are decayed, missing or filled. Teeth may have either four surfaces
(incisors and canines) or five surface (premolars and molars) for the
purposes of the DMFS index.
The DIMFT index includes, in
addition to a count of decayed, missing and filled teeth, the number of
teeth which are Indicated for (in need of) extraction. (DEF decayed,
extracted, filled)
Lower case lettering refers to
the deciduous dentition. Hence the dft index is count of the number of
deciduous teeth which are decayed or filled, while the dfs index refers
to the number of surfaces affected. Missing deciduous may also be
included in the index, hence constituting the dmft index.
DISCRETIONARY FLUORIDE
Any form of fluoride which is used actively and preferentially by an
individual in the prevention of decay. This includes fluoride tablets or
drops, fluoridated toothpastes or mouthrinses, and professional topical
applications. It does not include fluoridated drinking water.
DOSE (Fluoride)
The amount of fluoridated water drunk, consumed, ingested, by each
person. This "dose" differs enormously depending on age,
weight, size, state of health, temperature of day, different types of
work and sport played etc.
EFFICACY
The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or
service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the
determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized
controlled trial.
ENAMEL DISTROPHY
Defective formation of tooth enamel (or deterioration)
ENAMEL OPACITY
An opaque area on the normally transparent (translucent) enamel (often
referred to as "mottled" teeth)
ENDEMIC AREA
Present within a localized area or peculiar to persons within such an
area.
ERROR
BETWEEN-EXAMINER ERROR - variations between the assessments of two
different examiners when the examining the same person.
WITHIN-EXAMINER ERROR - an examiner may record different opinions when
examining the same mouth on different occasions.
EXAMINATIONS "BLIND"
Are carried out to avoid bias. The examiner should be unaware of the
background or treatment of his patient.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human
populations and the identification and evaluation of methods of
preventing or alleviating illness.
EPIDEMIOLOGY - EXPERIMENTAL
A study in which a population is selected for a planned trial of a
regimen 'whose effects are measured by comparing the outcome of the
regimen in the experimental group with the outcome of another regimen in
a control group. In some experiments, for example, fluoridation of
drinking water, whole communities have been allocated (usually
non-randomly) to experimental and control groups.
EVALUATION
A process that attempts to determine as systemically and objectively as
possible the relevance, effectiveness, and impact of activities in the
light of their objectives. Several varieties of evaluation can be
distinguished, for example evaluation of structure, process and outcome.
FISSURE
A minute crack in the surfaces of a tooth (caused by
the imperfect joining of enamel during development).
FISSURE
SEALANT
An adhesive, plastic film applied to those surfaces of teeth which have
pits or fissures to assist in the prevention of caries - however this
film does not tend to last as long as prophylatic fillings.
FLUORIDATION
Is achieved by the mechanical addition of fluorides to a public water
supply to attain a concentration of approx. 1 part fluoride to one
million parts of water (lppm) (see also RATE) FLUORIDE COMPOUNDS Used to
artificially fluoridate water supplies. They are derived from industrial
processes and dissolve readily in water.
FLUORIDES
Are substances containing fluoride ions which are constituents of the
element fluorine.
FLUORIDES (NATURAL)
Natural fluorides found in nature are those found in which the fluoride
ions are bound to calcium and are very insoluble.
FLUORIDE VEHICLE
The means by which supplementary fluoride is provide for the prevention
of dental caries. The principal fluoride vehicles are : water
fluoridation, fluoride tablets or drops, fluoride toothpastes or
mouthrinses, and professional dental applications.
FLUORINE
Is a rare and toxic gas (yellow, pungent), however the term fluorine in
most cases can be substituted for fluoride (mainly European use).
FLUOROSIS
Fluoride poisoning due to ingesting or drinking too much fluoride in
drinking water over a long period of time (or to ingestion of pesticides
containing fluoride salts). Chronic fluorosis results in the
"mottling" of (children's) teeth.
FLUOROSIS
Dental - See Dental Fluorosis
FLUOROSIS Skeletal - See
Skeletal Fluorosis
GEL
(Fluoride gel)
Contains 1.23% Fluoride for direct application by dentists to teeth
during prophylatic treatment.
GINGIVAL SURFACE
That part of the tooth surface which is adjacent to or immediately above
the gum (gingiva).
HYPOPLASIA
Incomplete development of an
organ or part.
INCIDENCE
The number of new cases of a given disease or other condition in a given
population at risk of the disease during a designated time. The word is
often used to mean incidence rate.
MFP
Monofluorophosphate - one formulation commonly used for the addition of
fluoride to toothpaste.
MOTTLED TEETH
See Enamel Opacity and Dental Fluorosis
MOUTHRINSE, MOUTHWASH
A mouth rinse possessing cleaning, germicidal, and / or palliative
properties.
OCCLUSAL SURFACE
The "biting" surface of the tooth which makes contact with that
of the opposing jaw.
OSTEOPOROSIS
Porosity and brittleness of bones due to loss of protein from the bone
matrix.
PERMANENT DENTITION
The set of natural, permanent
teeth in the dental arches.
PPM
Parts per million - a measurement of the concentration of a substance. A
concentration of one part per million is equivalent to one milligram per kilogram.
For example, fluoridated water at l ppm contains one milligram of
fluoride ion per litre of water.
PREVALENCE
The number of individual cases of
a given disease or other condition in a given population at a designated
time. The word is often used to mean prevalence rate.
PRIMARY
DENTITION
The set of natural, primary
(deciduous) teeth in the jaws.
PROPHYLATIC FILLINGS
Dental fillings which, in the past, were placed in the pits or fissures
of sound (non-decayed) teeth with a view to preventing the development of
advanced decay.
PROTOPLASMIC POISONS
Fluorides are generally protoplasmic poisons because of their capacity to
modify the metabolism of cells by changing the permeability of the cell
membrane by inhibiting certain enzyme systems.
PUBLIC HEALTH
Encompasses the problems affecting the health of a population, the
collective status of health of the people, environmental health and
health services, and the administration of health care services.
RANDOM VARIATION
This term is used to describe the differences which may occur constantly
from year to year in treated or untreated areas due to the influence of
many random factors which affect caries rates, some of which are unknown.
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are
randomly allocated into groups, usually called "study" and
"control" groups, to receive or not to receive an experimental
preventative or therapeutic procedure or intervention. The results are
assessed by comparison of rates of the disease, death, recovery, or other
appropriate outcome in the study and control groups, respectively.
Randomized controlled trials are generally regarded as the most,
scientifically rigorous method of hypothesis testing available in
epidemiology.
RATE
The amount of fluoride (F) in the water either naturally or added by a
water authority expressed as p.p.m. (parts per million) or mg/litre
(milligrams per litre)
REMINERALIZATION
The process whereby a demineralized or hypomineralized tissue takes up minerals
again (used here in the sense of ionic exchange in enamel).
SKELETAL
FLUOROSIS
This is caused by excessive intakes of fluoride from many sources
including drinking water supplies. Bone fractures caused by fluoride
changing the structure and decreasing the tensile strength (although
increasing bone mass). Advanced skeletal fluorosis is a crippling process
causing stiffness of joints and limiting joint movement.
SMOOTH SURFACE CARIES
Dental caries occurring on those gingival and approximal surfaces of the
teeth which do not have a natural pattern of fissures, pits or grooves.
SUPPLEMENTARY FLUORIDE
Any form for fluoride which is used by humans in addition to the amounts
to which they would be exposed through the environment, foods and
background levels in drinking water (typically at a concentration of 0.3
ppm fluoride or less). Sources of supplementary fluoride include
fluoridated drinking water, fluoride tablets or drops, fluoridated
toothpastes or mouthrinses, and professional dental applications. Hence,
the term "supplementary fluoride" here is broader in scope than
that used by some others to refer only to tablets or drops.
SYSTEMIC
Affecting the whole body.
TABLETS
See Discretionary Fluoride,
Supplementary Fluoride and Fluoride Vehicle.
TOPICAL
Pertaining to or acting upon a
particular surface area.
TOPICAL
APPLICATION
Application locally (in the mouth
onto the tooth surface).
TOPICAL
FLUORIDE
The application of fluoride which
is intended primarily to act locally on the teeth.
TOXICITY
The fluoride ion is toxic to all
life when not "bound" (as when it occurs naturally).
"Free" fluoride ions may exert toxic effects.
This
glossary has been compiled from the work of Dr.P R.N.Sutton, Glen S.R.
Walker, The Collins Dictionary and portions of information from the N.H.
and M.R.C. (Australia).
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