May 20 of each
year is World Bee Day, which aims to raise awareness about the
importance of bees and other pollinating insects for ecological health
and human survival; suggestions for how you can preserve your local bee
population are included
There are
between 25,000 and 30,000 different species of bees across the globe.
More than 75% of the world’s food crops depend on these and other
pollinators, as do 90% of wild flowering plants
The first
“State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture” report
warns that biodiversity is dwindling across the globe, thereby
threatening global food production and human survival
Researchers at
the University of New Hampshire warn there’s been a dramatic decline of
14 wild bee species needed for pollination of apples, blueberries,
cranberries and other crops grown in the Northwest
Researchers
warn the pesticide Sivanto (flupyradifurone), which its maker, Bayer
CropScience, claims is completely safe for bees, in fact harms foraging
bees, triggering abnormal activity, motor coordination deficits and
increased death rates
Two years ago, in December 2017, the United Nations General Assembly declared May 20 of each year as World Bee Day.1
The resolution was the result of an initiative started in 2015 by the
Slovenian Beekeepers' Association in an effort to raise awareness about
the importance of bees and other pollinating insects, all of which are
threatened with extinction thanks to a wide range of toxic human
activities.2
As explained by the U.N.,3
May 20 was chosen because it "coincides with the birthday of Anton
Janša, who in the 18th century pioneered modern beekeeping techniques in
his native Slovenia and praised the bees for their ability to work so
hard, while needing so little attention."
While bumble bees might be the most well-recognized, there are in
fact between 25,000 and 30,000 different species of bees across the
globe. On the Center for Food Safety's website4
you can find a listing of some of the most common species, such as
sweat bees, digger bees, carpenter bees, cuckoo bees, long-horned bees
and many more.
More than 75% of the world's food crops depend on these and other
pollinators, either wholly or in part, as do 90% of wild flowering
plants.5
What's more, in the past 50 years, there's been a 300% increase in the
volume of crops being produced that are dependent on pollination.6
As such, "Caring for bees and other pollinators is part of the fight against world hunger," the U.N. says.7 It's also important to protect and maintain biodiversity among bee species to ensure agricultural resilience.
Report on Global Biodiversity Warns of Troubling Times Ahead
The first report8
on "The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture" by
the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization’s Commission on Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture., issued in April 2019, warns that
biodiversity is dwindling across the globe, thereby threatening global food production and human survival.
All forms of life — animals, plants and microorganisms necessary for
food, feed, fuel and fibers — are losing diversity. As reported by
worldbeeday.org:9
"Of around 6,000 species of agricultural plants, fewer than 200
contribute to global food production, and just nine of them account for
66% of total crop yields. World livestock production is based on
approximately 40 animal species, with just a handful providing the vast
majority of meat, milk and eggs. The catch quantity is being exceeded
for a third of fish stocks, while more than half have reached their
limit of sustainability …
At the meeting of the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture the European Region proposed that the results of this
report be included in the strategy of biodiversity being drawn up by
FAO.
Several countries proposed that countries should respond to the main
conclusions of the report by including the findings and content in
national policies, legislation, programmes and projects in the area of
biodiversity in agriculture, forestry and food, in line with their
capacities, while there is also an urgent need to formulate further
measures to implement the conclusions from the report.
The report will also be important for discussion on the global
framework for biodiversity as part of the Convention on Biological
Diversity after 2020 and for achieving the sustainable development goals
of Agenda 2030."
Another global assessment report10
on pollinators, pollination and food production, released by the
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services (IPBES) in 2016, found an estimated 16% of the vertebrate
pollinators around the world are threatened by extinction, as are 30% of
island species. According to IPBES vice-chair, Sir Robert Watson::11
"Wild pollinators in certain regions, especially bees and
butterflies, are being threatened by a variety of factors. Their decline
is primarily due to changes in land use, intensive agricultural
practices and pesticide use, alien invasive species, diseases and pests,
and climate change."
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Bee Species Declining Across Northwestern US
Similarly, researchers at the University of New Hampshire warn
there’s been a “dramatic decline” of 14 wild bee species needed for
pollination of apples, blueberries, cranberries and other crops grown in the Northwest. 12 Sandra Rehan, assistant professor of biological sciences, told Science Daily:13
"We know that wild bees are greatly at risk and not doing well
worldwide. This status assessment of wild bees shines a light on the
exact species in decline, beside the well-documented bumble bees.
Because these species are major players in crop pollination, it raises
concerns about compromising the production of key crops and the food
supply in general.
We found that wild bee species that once greatly populated more
southern areas near sea level are now in decline. While up north in more
mountainous areas, like the White Mountains, those same species persist
which is an indicator of how climate change is affecting certain
populations, especially in the Seacoast area."
Using museum data stretching back 125 years (1891 through 2016), the
researchers analyzed the prevalence of 119 wild bee species that are
native to New Hampshire but also widespread across the Northeast and
North America as a whole.
Fourteen of the species were found to have significantly declined
while eight species have significantly increased. Out of the 14 species
in decline, 13 are ground nesters and one is a cavity nester. Overall,
both declining and increasing species have been migrating northward over
the last 125 years, suggesting changes in climate are a driving factor.
'Bee Safe' Pesticide Is Harmful to Bees, Research Shows
In related news, the pesticide Sivanto (flupyradifurone), which its
maker, Bayer CropScience, claims is completely safe for bees, may not be
so safe after all. A yearlong investigation14
by the University of California (UC) San Diego found Bayer’s testing
appears to have excluded common use cases that lead to abnormal behavior
and increased mortality in exposed bees.
Sivanto, developed to replace neonicotinoid pesticides,
which are known to contribute to bee die-offs, was registered for
commercial use in 2014 and is currently available in 30 countries
including the U.S. and countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. Another 65
countries are also expected to give Sivanto the green-light of approval.
It’s “bee safe” classification permits Sivanto to be sprayed on crops
that are in bloom with actively foraging bees. However, according to
this study, the pesticide “could in fact pose a range of threats to
honeybees depending on seasonality, bee age and use in combination with
common chemicals such as fungicides,” the press release states.15
The video above demonstrates the abnormal activity and motor
coordination deficits exhibited by exposed bees. As noted in the press
release, the researchers:16
"… showed that worst-case, field-realistic doses of Sivanto, in
combination with a common fungicide, can synergistically harm bee
behavior and survival, depending upon season and bee age. Bees suffered
greater mortality — compared with control groups observed under normal
conditions — and exhibited abnormal behavior, including poor
coordination, hyperactivity and apathy."
Pesticides Need More Rigorous Risk Assessment
Importantly, while official guidelines for pesticide risk assessment
focus testing on bees inside the hive, the researchers discovered that
the foragers are actually more susceptible to harm, in part because
they're more likely to be exposed and in part due to their age. Younger
honeybees work inside the colony while the older ones forage outside the
hive.
In the case of Sivanto, the harmful effects were four times greater on
foragers than in-hive bees. Needless to say, this still threatens the
health of the entire colony. The harm was also greater on both types of
worker bees during the summer, compared to spring.
"According to the authors, the standard measurements of only lethal
effects are insufficient for assessing the complexity of pesticide
effects," the press release notes.17
Lead researcher Simone Tosi, who works at ANSES, the French agency for
Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, commented:18
"This work is a step forward toward a better understanding of the
risks that pesticides could pose to bees and the environment. Our
results highlight the importance of assessing the effects pesticides
have on the behavior of animals, and demonstrate that synergism,
seasonality and bee age are key factors that subtly change pesticide
toxicity."
James Nieh, professor of biological sciences at UC San Diego, added:19
"Because standard risk assessment requires relatively limited tests
that only marginally address bee behavior and do not consider the
influence of bee age and season, these results raise concerns about the
safety of multiple approved pesticides, not only Sivanto.
This research suggests that pesticide risk assessments should be
refined to determine the effects of commonly encountered pesticide
cocktails upon bee behavior and survival … The idea that this pesticide
is a silver bullet in the sense that it will kill all the bad things but
preserve the good things is very alluring but deserves caution."
How to Celebrate World Bee Day and Protect Bees Every Day
On worldbeeday.org, a number of suggestions can be found for how
kindergartens and schools can get involved and celebrate World Bee Day
with educational activities.20
For example, schools are encouraged to get together with local
beekeeping associations to organize a visit to a local beekeeper where
the children can learn about bees and nectar-bearing plants, honey
production and how to set up a hive.
On a more individual basis, there are a number of things you can do
to help protect our pollinators, not only on World Bee Day but every
day. Following are several suggestions issued by worldbeeday.org:21
Plant nectar-bearing flowers in your garden, yard or
balcony to help feed the bees, and be sure to avoid using toxic
pesticides and herbicides that might hurt pollinators! If you have a
farm, large or small, be sure to incorporate flowers that support the
wild bee population. The following video, made by Project Integrated
Crop Pollination, demonstrates helpful planting practices.
Buy honey and other hive products from local beekeepers to help keep them in business.
Teach your children about the importance of bees and beekeepers.
Set up a beehive.
Preserve meadows and sow wildflowers in your
garden, making sure the wildflower mix you choose contains flowers
native to your area. Non-native plants do not contribute as much toward
the care and feeding of local insects, as they are not able to adapt and
feed on whatever is available. Hybridized plants also do not provide
proper nourishment, and can be likened to "junk food" for insects, as
they do not provide much in terms of nourishment.22
Wait to cut meadow grass until the nectar-bearing plants have finished blooming, so as not to rob bees of crucial nourishment.
Avoid using toxic pesticides and herbicides.
Even when using a nontoxic product, make sure to spray it when there’s
little to no wind, and either early in the morning or late at night,
when bees are not actively foraging.
Blooming plants and trees that must be sprayed with pesticides should be mulched before spraying to avoid attracting bees.
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