Chapter 11: The Ruling Elite: Hegelian Dialectics, Order Out of Chaos

 

Hegelian Dialectics, Order Out of Chaos

A Device to Divide

Ordo Ad Chao is the Latin phrase for Order out of Chaos. According to basic Illuminati or higher Masonic dogma, the New World Order will result after a period of choreographed chaos, which the state will probably implement through war and bloodshed. Masonic initiates who progress and ultimately attain the 33rd degree receive a jewel with the inscription “Ordo Ad Chao,” surrounded with three interlocking triangles. Professor Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, a Freemason and a political and social scientist at the University of Berlin (1817-1831), maintained that man could shape history and achieve ultimate peace only through repetitive episodes of controlled conflict between opposing forces. Hegel advocated the idea that men must create, manipulate and manage that conflict in order to create a pre- determined outcome – the controlled change, the synthesis.[393]

Hegel’s philosophy, endorsed by numerous high-level politicos, proposes that ultimate peace comes only through conflict. A clash between ideologies (thesis and antithesis) is supposedly a normal historical phenomenon, which always results in compromise (synthesis) that purportedly advances civilization to a higher level of order. In other words, rhetorical conflict and physical warfare are essential for ultimate peace achieved by a one world order or globalization. Author David Icke, who has proffered some reasonable ideas in addition to some rather bizarre notions, simplifies the process with the term – Problem, Reaction, Solution (P-R-S). It is the most effective of all of the manipulation techniques used by the elite, some of who endorse Illuminati principles whether they are actually aware of their objectives or not. Icke wrote, “...they secretly create a problem while blaming someone else; next they tell the population through an unquestioning media a false version of the problem... they manipulate a public reaction of fear, outrage, and demands that something be done; this allows those who have covertly engineered the problem to then openly offer the solution – changes in society that they wanted all along. This works so well that people who would have opposed those changes before the problem will either accept them without protest, or even

campaign for them as a solution to the problem. Look how often we hear people say in these situations, ‘we don’t want to see freedoms restricted, but after what has happened we have no choice.’”[394]

The perpetrators create or allow a problem to develop and escalate which will provoke a predictable reaction from the populace who will then demand a predetermined solution, something the government wanted to implement but a resolution that the people would not have accepted without the crisis. Numerous historical circumstances and seemingly spontaneous events come to mind – massive centralization of powers in Washington followed Lincoln’s War. Roosevelt’s Socialistic “New Deal” followed the stock market crash of 1929. It was supposed to be a temporary fix, to alleviate economic desperation but instead the individuals behind Roosevelt’s program imposed permanent socialistic programs. Proposals of a global entity guaranteeing peace followed both world wars. After World War I, the elites proposed the League of Nations and then following World War II, they advocated the United Nations. The PATRIOT Act, Homeland Security and more suppressive government regulation and restrictions followed the attacks of September 11, 2001. Rahm Israel Emanuel and other Hegelians share a common philosophy. He said in November 2008, “You never let a serious crisis go to waste. And what I mean by that it’s an opportunity to do things you think you could not do before.” A manufactured or orchestrated crisis is the means to massive government spending and regulation and enormous public indebtedness.

Media propaganda is essential to the political perpetuation of controlled conflict. Edward Bernays wrote, “Propaganda will never die out. Intelligent men must realize that propaganda is the modern instrument by

which they can fight for productive ends and help to bring order out of chaos.”[395]

Hegel incorporated the theology of Martin Luther who claimed that Christians should render complete obedience to an authoritative State. Luther taught, “According to Scripture, it is in no wise proper for anyone who would be a Christian to set himself against his government, whether it acts justly or unjustly, but a Christian ought to endure oppression and injustice, especially at the hands of his government.”[396] Luther, possibly citing Romans 13, and Hegel alleged that the State was empowered by God and absolutely warranted obedience. The State would grant individuals, based on their compliance to regulations, certain privileges and freedoms.

With Hegelian Dialectics, it is possible to achieve mass population management. Hegel clearly defined his philosophical/political concepts that people refer to as Hegelianism. Hegel developed, enlarged and thoroughly explained the tactical maneuver of divide-and-conquer. Individuals, knowledgeable about this diabolical divide-and-conquer methodology can distinguish its use in numerous events and supposedly spontaneous current events. It is obviously a part of the electoral process wherein candidates square off and pretend to oppose each other while receiving money from the same banker-backed corporations. We witness the Hegelian dialectical in the so-called liberal versus conservative media. The same elites, from different sides of the conference table, sponsor both sides. In public, they simply pretend to be in opposition. We witness this controlled conflict in race and gender relationships – the whites and blacks against each, and men and women competing against one another. Then there are the rhetorical religious wars, Christians and Muslims contending over observations and practices. The citizens resent the illegal aliens. Before that, it was the Communists and the Capitalists allegedly fighting ideology while financially enhancing the military, industrial complex. Who do you think created both political/economic ideologies and set up all of the details and circumstances of all of these squabbles. While individuals dispute over partisan politics, Democratic or Republican, they predictably ignore the despicable people who are really managing the egregious legislative programs and policies of both parties.

The essence of Hegel’s dialectical process was evident in the war in America between 1861 and 1865 and every war following that bloody conflict. Certain people in the North challenged secession with the faulty concept that they could achieve the preservation of the Union only through force and physical conflict. Agent provocateurs strategically positioned in the South promoted secession for more than three decades. The two opposing sides were ultimately reconciled into a strong centralized government. Like spectators at a tennis match, the populace is so distracted by the contrived contentious confrontations that we fail to perceive the foundational motives behind the conflict charade. Hidden forces create a crisis for which the public demands solutions. That solution instigates premeditated government changes previously unacceptable by the people. It is Order out of Chaos! Lincoln’s War, deliberately misnamed as a civil war, functioned to solidify and increase power in Washington and minimize personal freedoms in a continuing serial process of crisis, compromise and solution.

Following the Battle of Jena (October 14, 1806), Hegel completed Phenomenology of Spirit, which provided an important development in Kant-style idealism. He viewed the battle as “the end of the history” and part of an evolution towards a “universal homogeneous state,” a one world government. His work reveals his philosophy, including the Master-slave dialectic. Communism and Fascism employ Hegel’s philosophy, the left and right, liberal and conservative and republican and democrat. The Right Hegelians are frequently militaristic and may include Lincoln, Eisenhower, and both the Bush presidents (Skull and Bones). The Left Hegelians appeal to poor and exploited populations by advocating socialism and communism, without reference to ideology. Left Hegelians may include Franklin D. Roosevelt, Obama, and the Clintons. Either right or left, the State reigns supreme over the individual as both sides embrace the same philosophic roots.[397]

Karl Marx and Arthur Schopenhauer both received doctorates at the University of Jena. Marx infused Hegel’s theories with the theories of Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach who studied at the University of Berlin under Hegel. Marx associated with the Young Hegelians, a group of Prussian intellectuals, also known as the Left Hegelians, who interpreted Hegel’s dialectics to indicate that existing traditions, especially Christianity would be superseded. Feuerbach influenced Marx in the development of his own dialectic. Marx, from 1841 to 1844, was a Feuerbachian, but with distinct reservations – he criticized Feuerbach’s repudiation of Hegel’s dialectical method, which caused other contemporaries to temporarily dismiss it. By 1844, Marx and Engels co-authored Die Heilige Familie (The Holy Family) about philosophy of “real humanism,” because of Feuerbach’s influence on Marx.[398] Feuerbach, who all the budding atheistic Marxist communists followed, wrote, “Man alone is our God, our father, our judge, our redeemer, our true home, our law and our rule, the Alpha and Omega of our life and of our political, moral, public and domestic activity. There is no salvation, save through the medium of man.”[399]

Adam Weishaupt wrote, “By this plan we shall direct all mankind...and by the simplest means, we shall setallinmotionandinflames...thatwemay,insecret,influenceallpoliticaltransactions.”[400] “Right”and “left” are “artificial devices” to provoke change and are important essentials in transforming society. Hegelians, to provide conflict, support ostensibly opposing political parties – right or left wing, notwithstanding, each “side” shares the same foundational philosophical system, despite their superficial differences. They have chosen rival tactics to achieve the same result. Whether one endorses the left or the right, Obama or another Bush clone, the objective is the same – ultimate supremacy of the state and the total obedience of the citizens.[401]

On May 31, 2007, war hawk and depopulation advocate Henry Kissinger, a prominent Freemason and Illuminatus, spoke at the Akbank Conference in Istanbul, Turkey and stated, “The outcome in Iraq will depend on something that a German philosopher, Immanuel Kant said... someday there will be universal peace. The only question is whether it comes about through human insight, or whether it comes about... through a series of catastrophes of such a magnitude that people are so exhausted that they have no other choice.”[402] ThisispureIlluminatidogma.

The Genesis of the Worldwide Media Trust

Abbott Joseph Liebling said, “Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one.” Adam Weishaupt said, “...we may turn the public mind which way we will.”[403]

Telegraph Technology

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) attended the Collegium Carolinum, now Technische Universität Braunschweig (1792-1795) and then studied at the University of Göttingen (1795-1798). Gauss, a brilliant German mathematician, became a professor of Astronomy and director of the observatory at the University of Göttingen, Lionel Nathan de Rothschild’s alma mater. Not only was he “the Prince of Mathematicians,” he was an exceptional scientist who contributed to number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics. Gauss, a child prodigy, by age twenty-one, in 1798, completed Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (Arithmetical Investigations) which he published in 1801. His work consolidated number theory as a serious discipline and shaped the mathematical sciences of today.

In 1831, Gauss collaborated with Wilhelm Weber, the physics professor, working with magnetism (the unit of magnetism in terms of mass, length and time) in conjunction with Kirchhoff’s circuit laws in electricity. In 1833, they constructed the first electromechanical telegraph and connected the observatory with the institute for physics in Göttingen. Gauss instructed the workers to build a magnetic observatory in the garden of the observatory. He and Weber founded the magnetischer Verein (magnetic club) to

substantiate the measurements of the earth’s magnetic field in several areas throughout the world. Gauss developed a way of measuring the horizontal intensity of the magnetic field and devised the mathematical theory for separating the inner (core and crust) and outer (magnetospheric) sources of Earth’s magnetic field.

In 1833, Gauss and Weber installed the first operational electromagnetic telegraph between the Paulinerkirche, the historic city center of Göttingen and the observatory. This invention is the foundation for electronic data transmission, which now encompasses fax, text messaging, and the Internet. In 1833, Israel Beer Josephat (1816-1899), a 17-year-old Rabbi’s son, from Kassel, had just moved to Göttingen to start an apprenticeship at his uncle’s bank.[404] In addition to his banking apprenticeship, he evaluated, deliberated and worked on a way of exploiting Gauss and Weber’s invention to improve communications. Certain people have a propensity, a skill that they have finely tuned wherein they, like predatory parasites or leeches, extract and exploit the ingeniousness of others for their own benefit and potential profits. Thereafter, they utilized the technology and the resulting profits to manipulate and control the populace.

Josephat immigrated to Britain on October 29, 1845, where he called himself Joseph Josephat. A Lutheran priest baptized him as a Christian on November 16, 1845. He changed his name to Paul Julius Reuter during the ceremony at St. George’s German Lutheran Chapel in London. A week later, Reuter married Ida Maria Elizabeth Clementine Magnus. In 1847, they left London and went to Berlin where he bought into a bookstore that Joseph A. Stargardt originally started in 1830, which he sold to another individual before Reuter entered the picture. Reuter retained the name, Reuter and Stargardt and then began providing published materials in support of a socialist revolution, which started in Germany with large demonstrations on March 13, 1848. Because of his provocative publishing of several political pamphlets, he had to flee to Paris where he worked in the Charles-Louis Havas’ (1783-1858), news agency, Agence Havas, established in 1835. In 1850, he went to Aachen (North Rhine-Westphalia) and founded a news agency and a pigeon post service to bridge a gap in the telegraph line between Aachen and Verviers, Belgium. He also used the central telegraphic transmission until communications between the two nations ended about a year later.

In early 1851, Werner Siemens advised Reuter to relocate to London where they were constructing a cable under the English Channel. In April 1851, Reuter wrote to N. M. Rothschild and Son in London with a proposal, “Should you favour our service for the transmission of the Berlin and Vienna exchange rates we would pledge ourselves not to give the service to any other London house and moreover we would refund you for any cable not arriving at the fixed time.”[405] In June 1851, Reuter returned to London, the safe haven of several other refugees who fled from European countries after participating in revolutionary activities against their governments. On October 10, 1851, he established a telegraph office near the London Stock Exchange. He transmitted market quotations between London and Paris using the new telegraph cable under the English Channel that opened on November 13, 1851.

On 17 March 1857, Reuter became a naturalized British subject. By 1858, he had persuaded the London Times and other newspapers to subscribe and publish his news dispatches. His service became indispensable to the entire British media. In February 1865, Reuter reorganized as Reuter’s Telegram as a joint stock company which he solely managed. He sold shares and personally pocketed £65,000. Bankers and traders, in India and China, comprised the board of directors of the new company. He intended to open the Asian market to his wire service.[406] On April 26, 1865, Reuters was the first European news agency to report Lincoln’s assassination. He opened an agency in Alexandria, Egypt. He laid telegraph cables across the North Sea to reach Germany and France and then started service to the U.S. He had service to the Far East by 1872 and to South America by 1874.

Reuter’s principle competitors were Havas of France and Wolff of Germany. Dr. Bernhard Wolff, son of a

Jewish banker founded Wolff’s Telegraphisches Bureau in 1849. The father of Charles-Louis Havas (1783-1858) traded in land and cotton futures during the French Revolution. The younger Havas was a munitions contractor at the port city of Nantes for the United Merchants, led by Gabriel-Julien Ouvrard, a French financier and one of the founders of United Merchants along with banker Médard Desprez, Regent of the Bank of France. In 1807, Havas began re-exporting “colonial commodities” such as sugar, coffee, or cotton to France. Using credit, Havas acquired 3,000 tons of Brazilian cotton, enough to supply a third of the needs of France for a year. He out-maneuvered Napoleon’s embargo on British goods and made a fortune. Following Britain’s victory over Portugal, Havas returned to France and opened an investment bank. He lent money to governments and assumed government debts. However, by 1815, he had lost everything. Havas was skilled in rhetoric and languages and in August 1832, he started a translation and messenger business. By 1835, he restructured his operation and called it the Agence Havas as “the first information bureau for the press.”[407]

Dr. Bernhard Wolff (1811-79), who supported the revolutionary activities in Europe, worked as a translator for the Agence Havas in early 1848. Wolff returned to Berlin during the March Revolution and started a newspaper, The National-Zeitung. However, the Prussian government prohibited him from publishing numerous articles and his circulation decreased. He decided to add telegraphic news. On November 28, 1849, he published the stock and commodity prices from the previous day in France and Amsterdam. His distribution and commercial advertising increased because of this new feature. Wolff initiated an independent telegraph agency to provide specialized information to bankers, brokers and businessmen. Because he used the Prussian telegraph network, only certain people could afford his financial news service. In 1855, Wolff began providing political and general news to his newspaper subscribers.[408]

On January 17, 1870, Reuter signed an agreement with his European rivals to divvy up the world – Havas got South America, the three would share the European continent, and Reuter got the rest of the world.[409] They each got their own country and monopolized the rest of the world. By the late 1800s, the House of Rothschild controlled, not only Reuters, but also they had purchased the major news agencies – Havas of France and Wolff of Germany, just in time to propagandize World War I.[410] Monopolization and retaining perpetual control of the media was essential to launch a major world war. Wolff had its headquarters in Berlin and one of its chief officers was Max Warburg.[411]

Reuter’s holdings, besides the core news and financial data services, include corporate info services, 100% ownership of ORT, which is the dominant provider of corporate information in France. In the healthcare sector, they have a major share of the Paris-based Agence Presse Medicale (APM) with clients ranging from hospitals and insurers to pharmaceutical companies. APM delivers newswire services for nine healthcare markets. Reuters Health Information Inc. (RHI) provides worldwide health and medical news services for professionals and consumers. Reuters has financial interests in Datamonitor, Europe’s largest market analysis company. This company offers information to their subscribers regarding energy, healthcare, financial services, consumer goods, medical equipment, automotive and high technology sectors. Reuters has a majority stake in the US-based Yankee Group, a firm concerned with technology research, electronic commerce, wireless communications, computing and enterprise applications.

It also has a majority financial interest in the US-based TowerGroup, a strategies consultancy involved in information technology for the “global financial services sector, including retail and wholesale banking, securities and investments, insurance, electronic payments, the mortgage industry and the net.”[412]

Perpetual, exclusive control of the press allows the elite to not only “break” a story but to retain management of the cover story. For instance, in the many false flags that have occurred – the media disseminates the information that they wish the population to believe. The original story remains, even if

there is a change in the political administration, a change in the editorial staff, the emergence of investigative reporters, deaths among the wealthy governing class, the corporate media, under elite generational control, maintains the original cover story despite whistleblowers, the rediscovery of old evidence or the recovery of new facts because of advanced technology. This is circumstantial evidence that a conspiracy exists – common sense, a study of history and alert observation attests that there is something drastically wrong with the direction of our culture and it is not spontaneous but deliberate.

Newswire Services, “Poisoned at the Source”

The three wire services, Wolff, Havas and Reuters, understood that transmitting accurate political information could jeopardize their profits. They could acquire political “news” in numerous localities – in parliaments, courthouses and battlefields. They had to consider censorship issues, diplomacy and the new concern – national security, the newest justification for the lack of transparency in the media. This was especially the situation as Europe’s imperialists, specifically Britain, targeted resource rich countries around the world. The competitive political environment, with multiple parties and numerous issues was another challenging arena to cover. Profitability was always a consideration and they discovered that their greatest returns came from accommodating finance and business. If they elevated their reporting standards to suit the average readership of a member newspaper, then subscription rates might decrease, given the ownership of the majority of newspapers.[413]

Moses Yale Beach, a Connecticut native, whose mother was a relative of Elihu Yale, left Connecticut for New York in 1834 and by 1835, he owned the New York Sun newspaper, first published on September 3, 1833.[414] Truth was optional in many newspapers of the day and every paper should have carried the warning – Reader Beware! He later proposed a joint venture to other New York newspapers in which they collaborated to establish the Associated Press (AP). They issued the first dispatches about the Mexican-American War on May 29, 1846. On June 5, 1846, telegraphic communications between Washington and New York were established. The New York-Boston telegraph line went into operation on June 27, 1846.[415]

The presidential election of November 7, 1848 was the first election in which all of the states voted on the same day and the first election that utilized the telegraph to gather the returns. Newspapers abandoned their competitive differences and the Associated Press (AP) of New York added other papers. Owners incorporated AP in 1848 as the Associated Press of New York, which is located at 50 Rockefeller Plaza. By 1850, the group’s first paying customers received access to AP dispatches for a fee. By 1850, other newspapers throughout the country paid for AP dispatches.

During Lincoln’s War, politicians mobilized the Union’s press to sustain the army, and disseminate their ideology through a relatively well-established press. AP reporters covered every major event in the war. It was the first war in which individuals reported the news instantaneously. Reporters sent their stories to AP’s Washington, D.C. agent Lawrence Gobright, who telegraphed them to New York. In October 1861, workers completed the telegraph network in the west, which stretched from Omaha to Carson City, Nevada. On July 28, 1866, a telegraph cable linked Europe to North America and people were able to transmit eight words per minute. Despite objections from Western Union, AP leased its first telegraph wire, a 226-mile circuit between New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington.

Reuters and Havas collaborated to purchase Wolff’s wire service. In March 1865, Wolff allegedly approached the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I, in an attempt to prevent the takeover. Wolff reminded Wilhelm I of the “political importance” of maintaining the wire service. If Havas and Reuters accomplish their objective, foreigners would provide Prussia with its political information. Wilhelm I appealed to some bankers in Berlin.[416] Gerson von Bleichröder, the eldest son of Samuel Bleichröder and Wilhelm’s

personal banker, who founded the banking firm of S. Bleichröder in 1803 in Berlin, accommodated Wolff. On May 20, 1865, Bleichröder financially backed a new holding company for Wolff, the Continental Telegraphen-Compagnie. Bleichröder’s bank was a branch office of the Rothschild bank. Bleichröder maintained lengthy close connections with the Rothschild family. In 1873, Auguste Havas, the son of founder Charles-Louis Havas, withdrew from the company and relinquished his control to Edouard Leon Lebey who turned to Frederic-Emile d’Erlanger for funds to buy out Havas. Raphael von Erlanger, an agent of the Rothschilds, was the father of Frederic-Emile d’Erlanger.[417] Erlanger promoted France’s telegraphic links to Algeria, Egypt, India, Australia, China and Indochina, and the Americas. Erlanger paid 634,000 francs for Havas, enough money to purchase the entire control of the company. In July 1879, Erlanger incorporated the Agence Havas with 8.5 million francs, of which Erlanger received 637,000 francs.[418]

In late December 1867 or early January 1868, avowed socialist Charles A. Dana took control of Moses Yale Beach’s New York Sun. Dana, who had supported Ulysses Grant in his military career, now promoted him for president in the November 1868 elections. The New York Sun’s stockholders included numerous influential, wealthy New York City Republicans.[419] Dana’s newspaper, with a circulation of more than 50,000,[420] began a lengthy promotion of socialist authors like Laurence Grönland, who wrote several books including Cooperative Commonwealth (1884) Our Destiny, The Influence of Socialism on Morals and Religion (1891), The New Economy (1898), Socializing a State (1898), and numerous pamphlets. He lectured all over the country and was an executive of the Socialist Labor Party (1874-1884).

AP did not have any serious competition until 1882, when a group led by William M. Laffan, of the New YorkSun,foundedtheUnitedPress(UP).[421] Laffan,subsidizedbyJ.P.Morgan,aRothschildagent,founded the Evening Sun in 1887. In 1897, Laffan took over the morning New York Sun from Paul Dana, purchasing full ownership in 1902 with Morgan money. Paul Dana controlled the New York Sun after his father, Charles A. Dana, died. Laffan had been associated with Charles A. Dana since 1877.[422]

In 1891, Victor Lawson of the Chicago Daily News found that top executives of the AP and the UP decided that UP could have free access to AP News. This information outraged the members of AP’s Western division who then severed their ties to the association. On December 15, 1892, Melville Stone led the way in the establishment and incorporation of the Associated Press of Illinois and Stone became general manager. The New York AP rapidly collapsed and it members joined their previous competitor. Thereafter, in behalf of the newly reorganized AP, Stone acquired exclusive agreements with the big three European agencies, Reuters in England, Havas in France, and Wolff in Germany.[423]

Stone believed that the people were somewhat naïve as they based all of their information, and “the very conduct of their daily activities” on what the newspapers reported as “the news of the world.” Just three men controlled these newspapers, which he thought was “quite as menacing as that of the governmental autocrats” of the previous ages. Under those circumstances, he said, “there could be no really free press.” For a press to be free, it must gather news for itself and not depend on a “national cooperative news- gathering organization, owned by the newspapers and by them alone, selling no news, making no profits, paying no dividend, simply the agent and servant of the newspapers, was the thing.”[424]

Stone reorganized the newspaper cooperative, just one of the four “international” wire services in the 1800s. The Associated Press’ three European counterparts were nonprofit cooperatives. Reuter’s Telegram Company in England, Havas in France, and Wolff’s Telegraphic Bureau in Germany were limited-liability companies that a few shareholders controlled. Given that the genesis source of the majority of news, the AP and the European agencies, they could easily serve special interests. In July 1913, The Masses, an American socialist monthly magazine published a cartoon and editorial in which it claimed that news was “poisoned at the source.” Close connections between big business and the wire

services were a fact and not a theory, as financiers actually purchased the three European services in 1873. Additionally, big business owned several of the newspapers that enjoyed membership in the Associated Press. They also subsidized the newspapers with their advertising dollars, a big factor in today’s news and media industry. Newspapers, then and now, plus contemporary television broadcasts, may suppress or augment stories to promote amoral government policies or endorse questionable business ventures, detrimental to the public.[425]

In 1910, Paul Julius Reuter went into banking, the Reuter’s Bank, Ltd., and not without experience – remember, he was an apprentice in his uncle’s bank in Göttingen prior to the time he changed his name from Israel Beer Josephat. His wire service launched Reuter’s Bank, Ltd. and owned the total shares, amounting to £510,000, which gave them complete control over the bank. The bank’s board was composed of people associated with the wire service. Arnold J. Hadjuska, a Hungarian, managed the bank and opened a branch in Australia.[426]

By 1914, AP had about 100 member newspapers. Until 1915, AP prohibited their members from buying news from other services. By then, there were two viable competitors from whom AP members could get additional news, the United Press Association, formed in 1907, and the International News Service, founded by Hearst in 1909. Laffan’s agency was out of the picture by 1916.

Currently, AP International is one of the world’s largest newsgathering organizations, with about 243 news bureaus in 121 countries and thousands of members including foreign news outlets in five languages. In addition to traditional news services, it operates international television news service APTN (AP Television News), photo archives, and interactive news service (AP Digital). AP owns at least 1,500 U.S. daily newspaper members and 5,700 broadcast stations in the U.S. alone. In addition, there were 8,500 subscribers in foreign countries. In the summer of 2004, AP moved to Manhattan’s West Side, redesigned its web site, and launched the online AP Financial News service. AP counted the votes on election night and the National Election Pool conducted exit polls.

The New York Times – a Standard for the Print Media

Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones co-founded The New York Times in 1851. Raymond and Jones had both previously worked for socialist Horace Greeley. When Raymond died in 1869, Charles Miller, the editor-in-chief ultimately gained control of the paper in the 1890s.[427]

Adolph Simon Ochs (1858-1935) was the son of Julius Ochs (1826-1888), who had emigrated from Fürth, Bavaria, Germany in 1848, along with thousands of other revolution refugees, and joined his siblings in Louisville, Kentucky. After participating in the Mexican War, he engaged in business in Natchez, Mississippi, and Cincinnati.[428] Julius Ochs, an ardent abolitionist, spoke French, English and Italian. He had a number of different occupations. He owned a chain of stores in the South. He had helped manage a cotton factory in Louisiana. He also led a Masonic lodge, all before 1861.[429] When war broke out, Julius became a Union officer. Government officials had forced Adolph’s mother Bertha Levy to leave Germany after her participation in the student revolution of 1848. Her family settled in the South. After Lincoln’s War, her family settled in Chattanooga.[430]

Toward the end of Lincoln’s War, the Ochs had settled in Knoxville where Julius acted as the rabbi of the Knoxville Benevolent Society Congregation. By spring of 1865, he was in business but lost his fortune when Lee surrendered and prices collapsed.[431] Adolph worked in the Knoxville Chronicle.[432] Adolph soon moved to Chattanooga and got a job as a newspaper carrier at The Chattanooga Times. He owned the paper by the time he was nineteen. In 1880, Adolph Ochs moved his parents to Chattanooga where his father, Julius Ochs became the first lay Rabbi in that city.[433] Within three years, he made it the most prominent newspaper in the area. In 1883, Adolph married Effie Miriam Wise, the daughter of Rabbi

Isaac Mayer Wise who immigrated to the United States in 1846. Wise founded Reform Judaism and was rabbi of the Lodge Street Synagogue of Cincinnati, Ohio and founder of Hebrew Union College, which opened on October 3, 1875. In 1896, the Ochs moved to New York.[434]

In August 1896, Adolph Ochs took over The New York Times as he had gained sufficient experience through editing The Chattanooga Times. Ochs became publisher and general manager with the financial assistance of J. P. Morgan and other investors. Although he was just a stockholder, Morgan interests would control much of the content by 1915. On August 18, 1896, Ochs issued a statement promising to provide all the news, to consider all issues of public interest and to report the news without bias.[435]

Adolph Simon Ochs’ only child, Iphigenia Bertha Ochs married Arthur Hays Sulzberger on November 17, 1917.[436] Sulzberger later became publisher of The New York Times. Adolph and his father founded the Baroness Erlanger Hospital in Chattanooga, Tennessee, which they named for John Slidell’s daughter, Marguérite Mathilde Slidell (1842-1927) who had married Frederic Emile Erlanger, a Frankfurt-born German banker who later became a baron and one of the leading bankers of Paris. Frederic Emile’s father, Raphael von Erlanger, had been an agent for the Rothschilds but left their employ to found his own banking house in Frankfurt. Thereafter, he allied with various Rothschild rivals, which incurred the Rothschild wrath.[437] The Baron d’Erlanger invested in railroads and mines in Africa, North America, South America, and Europe. He also backed bonds for the Russian and Tunisian governments and invested in Southern cotton during the war. He collaborated with Paul Julius Reuter, the founder of Reuter’s news agency, and funded the construction of a French transatlantic telephone cable in 1869. His wife, Mathilde, made the historic first call.

In March 1915, J. P. Morgan and his industrial cronies employed twelve influential reporters to select the county’s most prominent newspapers. The industrialists wanted to “purchase” the editors and policy makers of the top papers. The group chose 179 newspapers and then through a process of elimination selected twenty-five of the most influential newspapers necessary to control the daily press of the whole country. The Morgan agents sent emissaries to purchase, through a monthly stipend, the cooperation of the twenty-five papers. They positioned compliant editors who would properly supervise the editorial content of each paper. These editors would pay particular attention to preparedness, militarism, financial policies, and issues of a national and international nature. The editors were also to suppress news that opposed the interests of those that the newspapers were indebted to – the industrialists who hired their editorial services.[438]

Bernard Baruch, American financier, stock market speculator, diplomat, and presidential adviser, financially backed numerous newspapers and columnists who would prove to be very prominent and instrumental in promoting just the right kind of newspaper articles. Arthur Krock, a columnist for the Louisville Courier-Journal, under Baruch’s influence, attended the Paris Peace Conference with Baruch and Herbert Hoover in 1919. Baruch convinced Adolph Ochs, publisher of the New York Times to hire Krock who then reorganized the New York Times Washington bureau in 1932.

In 1926, Baruch had invested $50,000 to assist David Lawrence to found the United States Daily, which became United States News and after World War II USA News and World Report. Baruch also financed Maxwell Lincoln Schuster and Dick Simon to form Simon and Schuster. Baruch also made investments in Vogue, Vanity Fair, Raleigh News and Observer, Our World Magazine and others.[439]

Simon & Schuster grew to include seven divisions, which included the Adult Publishing Group, Children’s Publishing, Audio, Online, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. Their imprints and brand names include: not only Simon & Schuster but Scribner, Pocket Books, Downtown Press, The Free Press, Atria, Fireside, Touchstone, Washington Square Press, Atheneum, Margaret K. McElderry, Aladdin Paperbacks, Little Simon, Simon Spotlight, Simon Spotlight Entertainment, Star Trek, MTV Books and

Wall Street Journal Books.[440]

Instigators from Abroad