Chapter 12: Wall St. and the Bolshevik Revolution by Antony Sutton

 

Chapter 12: Wall St. and the Bolshevik Revolution by Antony Sutton

 

Appendix I

DIRECTORS OF MAJOR BANKS,
FIRMS, AND INSTITUTIONS
MENTIONED IN THIS BOOK
(AS IN 1917-1918)

AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION (120 Broadway)
J. Ogden Armour	Percy A. Rockefeller
G. J. Baldwin	John D. Ryan
C. A. Coffin	W.L. Saunders
W. E. Corey	J.A. Stillman
Robert Dollar	C.A. Stone
Pierre S. du Pont	T.N. Vail
Philip A. S. Franklin	F.A. Vanderlip
J. P. Grace	E.S. Webster
R. F. Herrick	A.H. Wiggin
Otto H. Kahn	Beckman Winthrop
H. W. Pritchett	William Woodward

 

CHASE NATIONAL BANK
J. N. Hill	Newcomb Carlton
A. B. Hepburn	D.C. Jackling
S. H. Miller	E.R. Tinker
C. M. Schwab	A.H. Wiggin
H. Bendicott	John J. Mitchell
Guy E. Tripp

 

EQUITABLE TRUST COMPANY (37-43 Wall Street)
Charles B. Alexander	Henry E. Huntington
Albert B. Boardman	Edward T. Jeffrey
Robert.C. Clowry	Otto H. Kahn
Howard E. Cole	Alvin W. Krech
Henry E. Cooper	James W. Lane
Paul D. Cravath	Hunter S. Marston
Franklin Wm. Cutcheon	Charles G. Meyer
Bertram Cutler	George Welwood Murray
Thomas de Witt Cuyler	Henry H. Pierce
Frederick W. Fuller	Winslow S. Pierce
Robert Goelet	Lyman Rhoades
Carl R. Gray	Walter C. Teagle
Charles Hayden	Henry Rogers Winthrop
Bertram G. Work

 

FEDERAL ADVISORY COUNCIL (1916)

Daniel G. Wing, Boston, District No. 1

J. P. Morgan, New York, District No. 2

Levi L. Rue, Philadelphia, District No. 3

W. S. Rowe, Cincinnati, District No. 4

J. W. Norwood, Greenville, S.C., District No. 5

C. A. Lyerly, Chattanooga, District No. 6

J. B. Forgan, Chicago, Pres., District No. 7

Frank O. Watts, St. Louis, District No. 8

C. T. Jaffray, Minneapolis, District No. 9

E. F. Swinney, Kansas City, District No. 10

T. J. Record, Paris, District No. 11

Herbert Fleishhacker, San Francisco, District No. 12

 

FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK (120 Broadway)
William Woodward (1917)	Class A
Robert H. Treman (1918)
Franklin D. Locke (1919)
Charles A. Stone (1920)	Class B
Wm. B. Thompson (1918)
L. R. Palmer (1919)
Pierre Jay (1917)	Class C
George F. Peabody (1919)
William Lawrence Saunders (1920)

 

FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD
William G. M'Adoo	Adolph C. Miller (1924)
Charles S. Hamlin ( 1916)	Frederic A. Delano (1920)
Paul M. Warburg (1918)	W.P.G. Harding (1922)
John Skelton Williams

 

GUARANTY TRUST COMPANY (140 Broadway)
Alexander J. Hemphill (Chairman)
Charles H. Allen	Edgar L. Marston
A. C. Bedford	Grayson M-P Murphy
Edward J. Berwind	Charles A. Peabody
W. Murray Crane	William C. Potter
T. de Witt Cuyler	John S. Runnells
James B. Duke	Thomas F. Ryan
Caleb C. Dula	Charles H. Sabin
Robert W. Goelet	John W. Spoor
Daniel Guggenheim	Albert Straus
W. Averell Harriman	Harry P. Whitney
Albert H. Harris	Thomas E. Wilson
Walter D. Hines	London Committee:
Augustus D. Julliard	Arthur J. Fraser (Chairman)
Thomas W. Lamont	Cecil F. Parr
William C. Lane	Robert Callander

 

NATIONAL CITY BANK
P. A. S. Franklin	P.A. Rockefeller
J.P. Grace	James Stillman
G. H. Dodge	W. Rockefeller
H. A. C. Taylor	J. O. Armour
R. S. Lovett	J.W. Sterling
F. A. Vanderlip	J.A. Stillman
G. H. Miniken	M.T. Pyne
E. P. Swenson	E.D. Bapst
Frank Trumbull	J.H. Post
Edgar Palmer	W.C. Procter

 

NATIONALBANK FÜR DEUTSCHLAND
(As in 1914, Hjalmar Schacht joined board in 1918)
Emil Wittenberg	Hans Winterfeldt
Hjalmar Schacht	Th Marba
Martin Schiff	Paul Koch
Franz Rintelen

 

SINCLAIR CONSOLIDATED OIL CORPORATION (120 Broadway)
Harry F. Sinclair	James N. Wallace
H. P. Whitney	Edward H. Clark
Wm. E. Corey	Daniel C. Jackling
Wm. B. Thompson	Albert H. Wiggin

 

J. G. WHITE ENGINEERING CORPORATION
James Brown	C.E. Bailey
Douglas Campbell	J.G. White
G. C. Clark, Jr.	Gano Dunn
Bayard Dominick, Jr.	E.G. Williams
A. G. Hodenpyl	A.S. Crane
T. W. Lamont	H.A. Lardner
Marion McMillan	G.H. Kinniat
J. H. Pardee	A.F. Kountz
G. H. Walbridge	R.B. Marchant
E. N. Chilson	Henry Parsons
A. N. Connett

 

BACK

 

Appendix II

THE JEWISH-CONSPIRACY THEORY OF THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION

There is an extensive literature in English, French, and German reflecting the argument that the Bolshevik Revolution was the result of a "Jewish conspiracy"; more specifically, a conspiracy by Jewish world bankers. Generally, world control is seen as the ultimate objective; the Bolshevik Revolution was but one phase of a wider program that supposedly reflects an age-old religious struggle between Christianity and the "forces of darkness."

The argument and its variants can be found in the most surprising places and from quite surprising persons. In February 1920 Winston Churchill wrote an article — rarely cited today — for the London Illustrated Sunday Herald entitled "Zionism Versus Bolshevism." In this' article Churchill concluded that it was "particularly important... that the National Jews in every country who are loyal to the land of their adoption should come forward on every occasion . . . and take a prominent part in every measure for combatting the Bolshevik conspiracy." Churchill draws a line between "national Jews" and what he calls "international Jews." He argues that the "international and for the most atheistical Jews" certainly had a "very great" role in the creation of Bolshevism and bringing about the Russian Revolution. He asserts (contrary to fact) that with the exception of Lenin, "the majority" of the leading figures in the revolution were Jewish, and adds (also contrary to fact) that in many cases Jewish interests and Jewish places of worship were excepted by the Bolsheviks from their policies of seizure. Churchill calls the international Jews a "sinister confederacy" emergent from the persecuted populations of countries where Jews have been persecuted on account of their race. Winston Churchill traces this movement back to Spartacus-Weishaupt, throws his literary net around Trotsky, Bela Kun, Rosa Luxemburg, and Emma Goldman, and charges: "This world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing."

Churchill then argues that this conspiratorial Spartacus-Weishaupt group has been the mainspring of every subversive movement in the nineteenth century. While pointing out that Zionism and Bolshevism are competing for the soul of the Jewish people, Churchill (in 1920) was preoccupied with the role of the Jew in the Bolshevik Revolution and the existence of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy.

Another well-known author in the 1920s, Henry Wickham Steed describes in the second volume of his Through 30 Years 1892-1922 (p. 302) how he attempted to bring the Jewish-conspiracy concept to the attention of Colonel Edward M. House and President Woodrow Wilson. One day in March 1919 Wickham Steed called Colonel House and found him disturbed over Steed's recent criticism of U.S. recognition of the Bolsheviks. Steed pointed out to House that Wilson would be discredited among the many peoples and nations of Europe and "insisted that, unknown to him, the prime movers were Jacob Schiff, Warburg and other international financiers, who wished above all to bolster up the Jewish Bolshevists in order to secure a field for German and Jewish exploitation of Russia."¹ According to Steed, Colonel House argued for the establishment of economic relations with the Soviet Union.

Probably the most superficially damning collection of documents on the Jewish conspiracy is in the State Department Decimal File (861.00/5339). The central document is one entitled "Bolshevism and Judaism," dated November 13, 1918. The text is in the form of a report, which states that the revolution in Russia was engineered "in February 1916" and "it was found that the following persons and firms were engaged in this destructive work":

(1) Jacob Schiff		Jew
(2) Kuhn, Loeb & Company		Jewish Firm
Management:	Jacob Schiff	Jew
	Felix Warburg	Jew
	Otto H. Kahn	Jew
	Mortimer L. Schiff	Jew
	Jerome J. Hanauer	Jew
(3) Guggenheim		Jew
(4) Max Breitung		Jew
(5) Isaac Seligman		Jew

The report goes on to assert that there can be no doubt that the Russian Revolution was started and engineered by this group and that in April 1917

Jacob Schiff in fact made a public announcement and it was due to his financial influence that the Russian revolution was successfully accomplished and in the Spring 1917 Jacob Schitf started to finance Trotsky, a Jew, for the purpose of accomplishing a social revolution in Russia.

The report contains other miscellaneous information about Max Warburg's financing of Trotsky, the role of the Rheinish-Westphalian syndicate and Olof Aschberg of the Nya Banken (Stockholm) together with Jivotovsky. The anonymous author (actually employed by the U.S. War Trade Board)² states that the links between these organizations and their financing of the Bolshevik Revolution show how "the link between Jewish multi-millionaires and Jewish proletarians was forged." The report goes on to list a large number of Bolsheviks who were also Jews and then describes the actions of Paul Warburg, Judus Magnes, Kuhn, Loeb & Company, and Speyer & Company.

The report ends with a barb at "International Jewry" and places the argument into the context of a Christian-Jewish conflict backed up by quotations from the Protocols of Zion. Accompanying this report is a series of cables between the State Department in Washington and the American embassy in London concerning the steps to be taken with these documents:³

5399 Great Britain, TEL. 3253 i pm

   October 16, 1919 In Confidential File
Secret for Winslow from Wright. Financial aid to Bolshevism & Bolshevik Revolution in Russia from prominent Am. Jews: Jacob Schiff, Felix Warburg, Otto Kahn, Mendell Schiff, Jerome Hanauer, Max Breitung & one of the Guggenheims. Document re- in possession of Brit. police authorities from French sources. Asks for any facts re-.

*  *  *  *  *

Oct. 17 Great Britain TEL. 6084, noon r c-h 5399 Very secret. Wright from Winslow. Financial aid to Bolshevik revolution in Russia from prominent Am. Jews. No proof re- but investigating. Asks to urge Brit. authorities to suspend publication at least until receipt of document by Dept. 

*  *  *  *  *

Nov. 28 Great Britain TEL. 6223 R 5 pro. 5399
FOR WRIGHT. Document re financial aid to Bolsheviki by prominent American jews. Reports — identified as French translation of a statement originally prepared in English by Russian citizen in Am. etc. Seem most unwise to give — the distinction of publicity.

It was agreed to suppress this material and the files conclude, "I think we have the whole thing in cold storage."

Another document marked "Most Secret" is included with this batch of material. The provenance of the document is unknown; it is perhaps FBI or military intelligence. It reviews a translation of the Protocols of the Meetings of the Wise Men of Zion, and concludes:

In this connection a letter was sent to Mr. W. enclosing a memorandum from us with regard to certain information from the American Military Attache to the effect that the British authorities had letters intercepted from various groups of international Jews setting out a scheme for world dominion. Copies of this material will be very useful to us.

This information was apparently developed and a later British intelligence report makes the flat accusation:

SUMMARY: There is now definite evidence that Bolshevism is an international movement controlled by Jews; communications are passing between the leaders in America, France, Russia and England with a view to concerted action....⁴

However, none of the above statements can be supported with hard empirical evidence. The most significant information is contained in the paragraph to the effect that the British authorities possessed "letters intercepted from various groups of international Jews setting out a scheme for world dominion." If indeed such letters exist, then they would provide support (or nonsupport) for a presently unsubstantiated hypothesis: to wit, that the Bolshevik Revolution and other revolutions are the work of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy.

Moreover, when statements and assertions are not supported by hard evidence and where attempts to unearth hard evidence lead in a circle back to the starting point — particularly when everyone is quoting everyone else — then we must reject the story as spurious. There is no concrete evidence that Jews were involved in the Bolshevik Revolution because they were Jewish. There may indeed have been a higher proportion of Jews involved, but given tsarist treatment of Jews, what else would we expect? There were probably many Englishmen or persons of English origin in the American Revolution fighting the redcoats. So what? Does that make the American Revolution an English conspiracy? Winston Churchill's statement that Jews had a "very great role" in the Bolshevik Revolution is supported only by distorted evidence. The list of Jews involved in the Bolshevik Revolution must be weighed against lists of non-Jews involved in the revolution. When this scientific procedure is adopted, the proportion of foreign Jewish Bolsheviks involved falls to less than twenty percent of the total number of revolutionaries — and these Jews were mostly deported, murdered, or sent to Siberia in the following years. Modern Russia has in fact maintained tsarist anti-Semitism.

It is significant that documents in the State Department files confirm that the investment banker Jacob Schiff, often cited as a source of funds for the Bolshevik Revolution, was in fact against support of the Bolshevik regime.⁵ This position, as we shall see, was in direct contrast to the Morgan-Rockefeller promotion of the Bolsheviks.

The persistence with which the Jewish-conspiracy myth has been pushed suggests that it may well be a deliberate device to divert attention from the real issues and the real causes. The evidence provided in this book suggests that the New York bankers who were also Jewish had relatively minor roles in supporting the Bolsheviks, while the New York bankers who were also Gentiles (Morgan, Rockefeller, Thompson) had major roles.

What better way to divert attention from the real operators than by the medieval bogeyman of anti-Semitism?

 

Footnotes:

¹See Appendix 3 for Schiff's actual role.

²The anonymous author was a Russian employed by the U.S. War Trade Board. One of the three directors of the U.S. War Trade Board at this time was John Foster Dulles.

³U.S. State Dept. Decimal File, 861.00/5399.

⁴Great Britain, Directorate of Intelligence, A Monthly Review of the Progress of Revolutionary Movements Abroad, no. 9, July 16, 1913 (861.99/5067).

⁵See Appendix 3.

BACK

 

Appendix III

SELECTED DOCUMENTS FROM
GOVERNMENT FILES OF THE
UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN

Note: Some documents comprise several papers that form a related group.

DOCUMENT NO. 1 Cable from Ambassador Francis in Petrograd to U.S. State Department and related letter from Secretary of State Robert Lansing to President Woodrow Wilson (March 17, 1917)

DOCUMENT NO. 2 British Foreign Office document (October 1917) claiming Kerensky was in the pay of the German government and aiding the Bolsheviks

DOCUMENT NO. 3 Jacob Schiff of Kuhn, Loeb & Company and his position on the Kerensky and Bolshevik regimes (November 1918)

DOCUMENT NO. 4 Memorandum from William Boyce Thompson, director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, to the British prime minister David Lloyd George (December 1917)

DOCUMENT NO. 5 Letter from Felix Frankfurter to Soviet agent Santeri Nuorteva (May 9, 1918)

DOCUMENT NO. 6 Personnel of the Soviet Bureau, New York, 1920; list from the New York State Lusk Committee files

DOCUMENT NO. 7 Letter from National City Bank to the U.S. Treasury referring to Ludwig Martens and Dr. Julius Hammer (April 15, 1919)

DOCUMENT NO. 8 Letter from Soviet agent William (Bill) Bobroff to Kenneth Durant (August 3, 1920)

DOCUMENT NO. 9 Memo referring to a member of the J. P. Morgan firm and the British director of propaganda Lord Northcliffe (April 13, 1918)

DOCUMENT NO. 10 State Department Memo (May 29, 1922) regarding General Electric Co.

DOCUMENT NO. 1

Cable from Ambassador Francis in Petrograd to the Department of State in Washington, D.C., dated March 14, 1917, and reporting the first stage of the Russian Revolution (861.00/273).

Petrograd
Dated March 14, 1917,
Recd. 15th, 2:30 a.m.

Secretary of State,
Washington

1287. Unable to send a cablegram since the eleventh. Revolutionists have absolute control in Petrograd and are making strenuous efforts to preserve order, which successful except in rare instances. No cablegrams since your 1251 of the ninth, received March eleventh. Provisional government organized under the authority of the Douma which refused to obey the Emperor's order of the adjournment. Rodzianko, president of the Douma, issuing orders over his own signature. Ministry reported to have resigned. Ministers found are taken before the Douma, also many Russian officers and other high officials. Most if not all regiments ordered to Petrograd have joined the revolutionists after arrival. American colony safe. No knowledge of any injuries to American citizens.

FRANCIS,
American Ambassador

On receipt of the preceding cable, Robert Lansing, Secretary of State, made its contents available to President Wilson (861.00/273):

PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL

My Dear Mr. President:

I enclose to you a very important cablegram which has just come from Petrograd, and also a clipping from the New York WORLD of this morning, in which a statement is made by Signor Scialoia, Minister without portfolio in the Italian Cabinet, which is significant in view of Mr. Francis' report. My own impression is that the Allies know of this matter and I presume are favorable to the revolutionists since the Court party has been, throughout the war, secretly pro-German.

Faithfully yours,
ROBERT LANSING

Enclosure:
The President,
The White House

COMMENT

The significant phrase in the Lansing-Wilson letter is "My own impression is that the Allies know of this matter and I presume are favorable to the revolutionists since the Court party has been, throughout the war, secretly pro-German." It will be recalled (chapter two) that Ambassador Dodd claimed that Charles R. Crane, of Westinghouse and of Crane Co. in New York and an adviser to President Wilson, was involved in this first revolution.

DOCUMENT NO. 2

Memorandum from Great Britain Foreign Office file FO 371/ 2999 (The War — Russia), October 23, 1917, file no. 3743.

DOCUMENT

Personal (and) Secret.

Disquieting rumors have reached us from more than one source that Kerensky is in German pay and that he and his government are doing their utmost to weaken (and) disorganize Russia, so as to arrive at a situation when no other course but a separate peace would be possible. Do you consider that there is any ground for such insinuations, and that the government by refraining from any effective action are purposely allowing the Bolshevist elements to grow stronger?

If it should be a question of bribery we might be able to compete successfully if it were known how and through what agents it could be done, although it is not a pleasant thought.

COMMENT

Refers to information that Kerensky was in German pay.

DOCUMENT NO. 3

Consists of four parts:

(a) Cable from Ambassador Francis, April 27, 1917, in Petrograd to Washington, D.C., requesting transmission of a message from prominent Russian Jewish bankers to prominent Jewish bankers in New York and requesting their subscription to the Kerensky Liberty Loan (861.51/139).

(b) Reply from Louis Marshall (May 10, 1917) representing American Jews; he declined the invitation while expressing support for the American Liberty Loan (861.51/143).

(c) Letter from Jacob Schiff of Kuhn, Loeb (November 25, 1918) to State Department (Mr. Polk) relaying a message from Russian Jewish banker Kamenka calling for Allied help against the Bolsheviks ("because Bolshevist government does not represent Russian People").

(d) Cable from Kamenka relayed by Jacob Schiff.

DOCUMENTS

(a) Secretary of State
Washington.
1229, twenty-seventh.

Please deliver following to Jacob Schiff, Judge Brandies [sic], Professor Gottheil, Oscar Strauss [sic], Rabbi Wise, Louis Marshall and Morgenthau:

"We Russian Jews always believed that liberation of Russia meant also our liberation. Being deeply devoted to country we placed implicit trust temporary Government. We know the unlimited economic power of Russia and her immense natural resources and the emancipation we obtained will enable us to participate development country. We firmly believe that victorious finish of the war owing help our allies and United States is near.

Temporary Government issuing now new public loan of freedom and we feel our national duty support loan high vital for war and freedom. We are sure that Russia has an unshakeable power of public credit and will easily bear a.11 necessary financial burden. We formed special committee of Russian Jews for supporting loan consisting representatives financial, industrial trading circles and leading public men.

We inform you here of and request our brethren beyong [sic] the seas to support freedom of Russian which became now case humanity and world's civilization. We suggest you form there special committee and let us know of steps you may take Jewish committee support success loan of freedom. Boris Kamenka, Chairman, Baron Alexander Gunzburg, Henry Silosberg."

FRANCIS

*  *  *  *  *

(b) Dear Mr. Secretary:

After reporting to our associates the result of the interview which you kindly granted to Mr. Morgenthau, Mr. Straus and myself, in regard to the advisability of calling for subscriptions to the Russian Freedom Loan as requested in the cablegram of Baron Gunzburg and Messrs. Kamenka and Silosberg of Petrograd, which you recently communicated to us, we have concluded to act strictly upon your advice. Several days ago we promised our friends at Petrograd an early reply to their call for aid. We would therefore greatly appreciate the forwarding of the following cablegram, provided its terms have your approval:

"Boris Kamenka,
Don Azov Bank, Petrograd.

Our State Department which we have consulted regards any present attempt toward securing public subscriptions here for any foreign loans inadvisable; the concentration of all efforts for the success of American war loans being essential, thereby enabling our Government to supply funds to its allies at lower interest rates than otherwise possible. Our energies to help the Russian cause most effectively must therefore necessarily be directed to encouraging subscriptions to American Liberty Loan. Schiff, Marshall, Straus, Morgenthau, Wise, Gonheil."

You are of course at liberty to make any changes in the phraseology of this suggested cablegram which you may deem desirable and which will indicate that our failure to respond directly to the request that has come to us is due to our anxiety to make our activities most efficient.

May I ask you to send me a copy of the cablegram as forwarded, with a memorandum of the cost so that the Department may be promptly reimbursed.

I am, with great respect,
Faithfully yours,
[sgd.] Louis Marshall

The Secretary of State
Washington, D.C.

*   *   *   *   *

(c) Dear Mr. Polk:

Will you permit me to send you copy of a cablegram received this morning and which I think, for regularity's sake, should be brought to the notice of the Secretary of State or your good self, for such consideration as it might be thought well to give this.

Mr. Kamenka, the sender of this cablegram, is one of the leading men in Russia and has, I am informed, been financial advisor both of the Prince Lvoff government and of the Kerensky government. He is President of the Banque de Commerce de l'Azov Don of Petrograd, one of the most important financial institutions of Russia, but had, likely, to leave Russia with the advent of Lenin and his "comrades."

Let me take this opportunity to send sincere greetings to you and Mrs. Polk and to express the hope that you are now in perfect shape again, and that Mrs. Polk and the children are in good health.

Faithfully yours,
[sgd.] Jacob H. Schiff

Hon. Frank L. Polk
Counsellor of the State Dept.
Washington, D.C.

MM-Encl.

[Dated November 25, 1918]

*   *   *   *   *

(d) Translation:

The complete triumph of liberty and right furnishes me a new opportunity to repeat to you my profound admiration for the noble American nation. Hope to see now quick progress on the part of the Allies to help Russia in reestablishing order. Call your attention also to pressing necessity of replacing in Ukraine enemy troops at the very moment of their retirement in order to avoid Bolshevist devastation. Friendly intervention of Allies would be greeted everywhere with enthusiasm and looked upon as democratic action, because Bolshevist government does not represent Russian people. Wrote you September 19th. Cordial greetings.

[sgd.] Kamenka

COMMENT

This is an important series because it refutes the story of a Jewish bank conspiracy behind the Bolshevik Revolution. Clearly Jacob Schiff of Kuhn, Loeb was not interested in supporting the Kerensky Liberty Loan and Schiff went to the trouble of drawing State Department attention to Kamenka's pleas for Allied intervention against the Bolsheviks. Obviously Schiff and fellow banker Kamenka, unlike J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller, were as unhappy about the Bolsheviks as they had been about the tsars.

DOCUMENT NO. 4

Description

Memorandum from William Boyce Thompson (director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York) to Lloyd George (prime minister of Great Britain), December 1917.

DOCUMENT

FIRST

The Russian situation is lost and Russia lies entirely open to unopposed German exploitation unless a radical reversal of policy is at once undertaken by the Allies.

SECOND

Because of their shortsighted diplomacy, the Allies since the Revolution have accomplished nothing beneficial, and have done considerable harm to their own interests.

THIRD

The Allied representatives in Petrograd have been lacking in sympathetic understanding of the desire of the Russian people to attain democracy. Our representatives were first connected officially with the Czar's regime. Naturally they have been influenced by that environment.

FOURTH

Meanwhile, on the other hand, the Germans have conducted propaganda that has undoubtedly aided them materially in destroying the Government, in wrecking the army and in destroying trade and industry. If this continues unopposed it may result in the complete exploitation of the great country by Germany against the Allies.

FIFTH

I base my opinion upon a careful and intimate study of the situation both outside and inside official circles, during my stay in Petrograd between August 7 and November 29, 1917.

SIXTH

"What can be done to improve the situation of the Allies in Russia"?

The diplomatic personnel, both British and American, should be changed to one democratic in spirit and capable of sustaining democratic sympathy.

There should be erected a powerful, unofficial committee, with headquarters in Petrograd, to operate in the background, so to speak, the influence of which in matters of policy should be recognized and accepted by the DIPLOMATIC, CONSULAR and MILITARY officials of the Allies. Such committee should be so composed in personnel as to make it possible to entrust to it wide discretionary powers. It would presumably undertake work in various channels. The nature of which will become obvious as the task progresses; it. would aim to meet all new conditions as they might arise.

SEVENTH

It is impossible now to define at all completely the scope of this new Allied committee. I can perhaps assist to a better understanding of its possible usefulness and service by making a brief reference to the work which I started and which is now in the hands of Raymond Robins, who is well and favorably known to Col. Buchan — a work which in the future will undoubtedly have to be somewhat altered and added to in order to meet new conditions. My work has been performed chiefly through a Russian "Committee on Civic Education" aided by Madame Breshkovsky, the Grandmother of the Revolution. She was assisted by Dr. David Soskice, the private secretary of the then Prime Minister Kerensky (now of London); Nicholas Basil Tchaikovsky, at one time Chairman of the Peasants Co-operative Society, and by other substantial social revolutionaries constituting the saving element of democracy as between the extreme "Right" of the official and property-owning class, and the extreme "Left" embodying the most radical elements of the socialistic parties. The aim of this committee, as stated in a cable message from Madame Breshkovsky to President Wilson, can be gathered from this quotation: "A widespread education is necessary to make Russia an orderly democracy. We plan to bring this education to the soldier in the camp, to the workman in the factory, to the peasant in the village." Those aiding in this work realized that for centuries the masses had been under the heel of Autocracy which had given them not protection but oppression; that a democratic form of government in Russian could be maintained only BY THE DEFEAT OF THE GERMAN ARMY; BY THE OVERTHROW OF GERMAN AUTOCRACY. Could free Russia, unprepared for great governmental responsibilities, uneducated, untrained, be expected long to survive with imperial Germany her next door neighbor? Certainly not. Democratic Russia would become speedily the greatest war prize the world has even known.

The Committee designed to have an educational center in each regiment of the Russian army, in the form of Soldiers' Clubs. These clubs were organized as rapidly as possible, and lecturers were employed to address the soldiers. The lecturers were in reality teachers, and it should be remembered that there is a percentage of 90 among the soldiers of Russia who can neither read nor write. At the time of the Bolshevik outbreak many of these speakers were in the field making a fine impression and obtaining excellent results. There were 250 in the city of Moscow alone. It was contemplated by the Committee to have at least 5000 of these lecturers. We had under publication many newspapers of the "A B C" class, printing matter in the simplest style, and were assisting about 100 more. These papers carried the appeal for patriotism, unity and co-ordination into the homes of the workmen and the peasants.

After the overthrow of the last Kerensky government we materially aided the dissemination of the Bolshevik literature, distributing it through agents and by aeroplanes to the German army. If the suggestion is permissible, it might be well to consider whether it would not be desirable to have this same Bolshevik literature sent into Germany and Austria across the West and Italian fronts.

EIGHTH

The presence of a small number of Allied troops in Petrograd would certainly have done much to prevent the overthrow of the Kerensky government in November. I should like to suggest for your consideration, if present conditions continue, the concentration of all the British and French Government employees in Petrograd, and if the necessity should arise it might be formed into a fairly effective force. It might be advisable even to pay a small sum to a Russian force. There is also a large body of volunteers recruited in Russia, many of them included in the Intelligentsia of "Center" class, and these have done splendid work in the trenches. They might properly be aided.

NINTH

If you ask for a further programme I should say that it is impossible to give it now. I believe that intelligent and courageous work will still prevent Germany from occupying the field to itself and thus exploiting Russia at the expense of the Allies. There will be many ways in which this service can be rendered which will become obvious as the work progresses.

COMMENT

Following this memorandum the British war cabinet changed its policy to one of tepid pro-Bolshevism. Note that Thompson admits to distribution of Bolshevik literature by his agents. The confusion over the date on which Thompson left Russia (he states November 29th in this document) is cleared up by the Pirnie papers at the Hoover Institution. There were several changes of travel plans and Thompson was still in Russia in early December. The memorandum was probably written in Petrograd in late November.

DOCUMENT NO. 5

DESCRIPTION

Letter dated May 9, 1918, from Felix Frankfurter (then special assistant to the secretary of war) to Santeri Nuorteva (alias for Alexander Nyberg), a Bolshevik agent in the United States. Listed as Document No. 1544 in the Lusk Committee files, New York:

DOCUMENT

WAR DEPARTMENT
WASHINGTON
May 9, 1918

My dear Mr. Nhorteva [sic]:

Thank you very much for your letter of the 4th. I knew you would understand the purely friendly and wholly unofficial character of our talk, and I appreciate the prompt steps you have taken to correct your Sirola* letter. Be wholly assured that nothing has transpired which diminishes my interest in the questions which you present. Quite the contrary. I am much interested in** the considerations you are advancing and for the point of view you are urging. The issues*** at stake are the interests that mean much for the whole world. To meet them adequately we need all the knowledge and wisdom we can possibly get****.

Cordially yours,
Felix Frankfurter

Santeri Nuorteva, Esq.

* Yrjo Sirola was a Bolshevik and commissar in Finland.
** Original text, "continually grateful to you for."
*** Original text, "interests."
**** Original text added "these days."

COMMENT

This letter by Frankfurter was written to Nuorteva/Nyberg, a Bolshevik agent in the United States, at a time when Frankfurter held an official position as special assistant to Secretary of War Baker in the War Department. Apparently Nyberg was willing to change a letter to commissar "Sirola" according to Frankfurter's instructions. The Lusk Committee acquired the original Frankfurter draft including Frankfurter's changes and not the letter received by Nyberg.

THE SOVIET BUREAU IN 1920

Position	Name	Citizenship	Born	Former Employment
Representa tive of USSR	Ludwig C.A.K. MARTENS	German	Russia	V-P of Weinberg & Posner Engineer ing (120 Broadway)
Office manager	Gregory WEINSTEIN	Russian	Russia	Journalist
Secretary	Santeri NUORTEVA	Finnish	Russia	Journalist
Assistant secretary	Kenneth DURANT	U.S.	U.S.	(1) U.S. Committee on Public Information (2) Former aide to Colonel House
Private secre tary to NUOR TEVA	Dorothy KEEN	U.S.	U.S.	High school
Translator	Mary MODELL	Russian	Russia	School in Russia
File clerk	Alexander COLEMAN	U.S.	U.S.	High school
Telephone clerk	Blanche ABUSHEVITZ	Russian	Russia	High school
Office attendant	Nestor KUNTZEVICH	Russian	Russia	—
Military expert	Lt. Col. Boris Tagueeff Roustam BEK	Russian	Russia	Military critic on Daily Express (London)
Commercial Department
Director	A. HELLER	Russian	U.S.	International Oxy gen Company
Secretary	Ella TUCH	Russian	U.S.	U.S. firms
Clerk	Rose HOLLAND	U.S.	U.S.	Gary School League
Clerk	Henrietta MEEROWICH	Russian	Russia	Social worker
Clerk	Rose BYERS	Russian	Russia	School
Statistician	Vladimir OLCHOVSKY	Russian	Russia	Russian Army
Information Department
Director	Evans CLARK	U.S.	U.S.	Princeton University
Clerk	Nora G. SMITHMAN	U.S.	U.S.	Ford Peace Expedition
Steno	Etta FOX	U.S.	U.S.	War Trade Board
—	Wilfred R. HUMPHRIES	U.K.	—	American Red Cross
Technical Dept.
Director	Arthur ADAMS	Russian	U.S.	—
Educational Dept.
Director	William MALISSOFF	Russian	U.S.	Columbia University
Medical Dept.
Director	Leo A. HUEBSCH	Russian	U.S.	Medical doctor
	D. H. DUBROWSKY	Russian	U.S.	Medical doctor
Legal Dept.
Director	Morris HILLQUIT	Lithuanian	—	—
	Counsel retained:
	Charles RECHT
	Dudley Field MALONE
	George Cordon BATTLE
Dept. of Economics & Statistics
Director	Isaac A. HOURWICH	Russian	U.S.	U.S. Bureau of Census
	Eva JOFFE	Russian	U.S.	National Child Labor Commission
Steno	Elizabeth GOLDSTEIN	Russian	U.S.	Student
Editorial Staff of Soviet Russia
Managing editor	Jacob w. HARTMANN	U.S.	U.S.	College of City of New York
Steno	Ray TROTSKY	Russian	Russia	Student
Translator	Theodnre BRESLAUER	Russian	Russia	—
Clerk	Vastly IVANOFF	Russian	Russia	—
Clerk	David OLDFIELD	Russian	Russia	—
Translator	J. BLANKSTEIN	Russian	Russia	—
SOURCE:	U.S., House, Conditions in Russia (Committee on Foreign Affairs), 66th Cong., 3rd sess. (Washington, D.C., 1921).
	See also British list in U.S. State Department Decimal File, 316-22-656, which also has the name of Julius Hammer.

DOCUMENT NO. 7

DESCRIPTION

Letter from National City Bank of New York to the U.S. Treasury, April 15, 1919, with regard to Ludwig Martens and his associate Dr. Julius Hammer (316-118).

DOCUMENT

The National City Bank of New York
New York, April 15, 1919

Honorable Joel Rathbone,
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury
Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Rathbone:

I beg to hand you herewith photographs of two documents which we have received this morning by registered mail from a Mr. L. Martens who claims to be the representative in the United States of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, and witnessed by a Dr. Julius Hammer for the Acting Director of the Financial Department.

You will see from these documents that there is a demand being made upon us for any and all funds on deposit with us in the name of Mr. Boris Bakhmeteff, alleged Russian Ambassador in the United States, or in the name of any individual, committee, or mission purporting to act in behalf of the Russian Government in subordination to Mr. Bakhmeteff or directly.

We should be very glad to receive from you whatever advice or instructions you may care to give us in this matter.

Yours respectfully,
[sgd.] J. H. Carter,
Vice President.

JHC:M

Enclosure

COMMENTS

The significance of this letter is related to the long-time association (1917-1974) of the Hammer family with the Soviets.

DOCUMENT NO. 8

DESCRIPTION

Letter dated August 3, 1920, from Soviet courier "Bill" Bobroff to Kenneth Durant, former aide to Colonel House. Taken from Bobroff by U.S. Department of Justice.

DOCUMENT

Department of Justice
Bureau of Investigation,
15 Park Row, New York City, N. Y.,
August 10, 1920

Director Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

Dear Sir: Confirming telephone conversation with Mr. Ruch today, I am transmitting herewith original documents taken from the effects of B. L. Bobroll, steamship Frederick VIII.

The letter addressed Mr. Kenneth Durant, signed by Bill, dated August 3, 1920, together with the translation from "Pravda," July 1, 1920, signed by Trotzki, and copies of cablegrams were found inside the blue envelope addressed Mr. Kenneth Durant, 228 South Nineteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This blue envelope was in turn sealed inside the white envelope attached.

Most of the effects of Mr. Bobroff consisted of machinery catalogues, specifications, correspondence regarding the shipment of various equipment, etc., to Russian ports. Mr. Bobroff was closely questioned by Agent Davis and the customs authorities, and a detailed report of same will be sent to Washington.

Very truly yours,
G. F. Lamb,
Division Superintendent

LETTER TO KENNETH DURANT

Dear Kenneth: Thanks for your most welcome letter. I have felt very much cut off and hemmed in, a feeling which has been sharply emphasized by recent experiences. I have felt distressed at inability to force a different attitude toward the bureau and to somehow get funds to you. To cable $5,000 to you, as was done last week, is but a sorry joke. I hope the proposal to sell gold in America, about which we have been cabling recently, will soon be found practicable. Yesterday we cabled asking if you could sell 5,000,000 rubles at a minimum of 45 cents, present market rate being 51.44 cents. That would net at least $2,225,000. L's present need is $2,000,000 to pay Niels Juul & Co., in Christiania, for the first part of the coal shipment from America to Vardoe, Murmansk, and Archangel. The first ship is nearing Vardoe and the second left New York about July 28. Altogether, Niels Juul & Co., or rather the Norges' Bank, of Christiania, on their and our account, hold $11,000,000 gold rubles of ours, which they themselves brought from Reval to Christiania, as security for our coal order and the necessary tonnage, but the offers for purchase of this gold that they have so far been able to get are very poor, the best being $575 per kilo, whereas the rate offered by the American Mint or Treasury Department is now $644.42, and considering the large sum involved it would be a shame to let it go at too heavy a loss. I hope that ere you get this you will have been able to effect the sale, at the same time thus getting a quarter of a million dollars or more for the bureau. If we can't in some way pay the $2,000,000 in Christiania, that was due four days ago, within a very short time, Niels Juul & Co. will have the right to sell our gold that they now hold at the best price then obtainable, which, as stated above, is quite low.

We don't know yet how the Canadian negotiations are going on. We understand Nuorteva turned over the strings to Shoen when N.'s arrest seemed imminent. We don't at this writing know where Nuorteva is. Our guess is that after his enforced return to England from Esbjerg, Denmark, Sir Basil Thomson had him shipped aboard a steamer for Reval, but we have not yet heard from Reval that he has arrived there, and we certainly would hear from Goukovski or from N. himself. Humphries saw Nuorteva at Esbjerg, and is himself in difficulties with the Danish police because of it. All his connections are being probed for; his passport has been taken away: he has been up twice for examination, and it looks as if he will be lucky if he escapes deportation. It was two weeks ago that Nuorteva arrived at Esbjerg, 300 miles from here, but having no Danish visa, the Danish authorities refused to permit him to land, and he was transferred to a steamer due to sail at 8 o'clock the following morning. By depositing 200 kroner he was allowed shore leave for a couple of hours. Wanting to get Copenhagen on long-distance wire and having practically no more money, he once more pawned that gold watch of his for 25 kroner, therewith getting in touch with Humphries, who within half an hour jumped aboard the night train, slept on the floor, and arrived at Esbjerg at 7:30. Humphries found Nuorteva, got permission from the captain to go aboard, had 20 minutes with N., then had to go ashore and the boat sailed. Humphries was then invited to the police office by two plain-clothes men, who had been observing the proceedings. He was closely questioned, address taken, then released, and that night took train back to Copenhagen. He sent telegrams to Ewer, of Daily Herald, Shoen, and to Kliskho, at 128 New Bond Street, urging them to be sure and meet Nuorteva's boat, so that N. couldn't again be spirited away, but we don't know yet just what happened. The British Government vigorously denied that they had any intention of sending him to Finland. Moscow has threatened reprisals if anything happens to him. Meantime, the investigation of H. has begun. He was called upon at his hotel by the police, requested to go to headquarters (but not arrested), and we understand that his case is now before the minister of justice. Whatever may be the final outcome, Humphries comments upon the reasonable courtesy shown him, contrasting it with the ferocity of the Red raids in America.

He found that at detective headquarters they knew of some of his outgoing letters and telegrams.

I was interested in your favorable comment upon the Krassin interview of Tobenken's (you do not mention the Litvinoff one), because I had to fight like a demon with L. to get the opportunities for Tobenken. Through T. arrived with a letter from Nuorteva, as also did Arthur Ruhl, L. brusquely turned down in less than one minute the application T. was making to go into Russia, would hardly take time to hear him, saying it was impossible to allow two correspondents from the same paper to enter Russia. He gave a visa to Ruhl, largely because of a promise made last summer to Ruhl by L. Ruhl then went off to Reval, there to await the permission that L. had cabled asking Moscow to give. Tobenken, a nervous, almost a broken man because of his turn down, stayed here. I realized the mistake that had been made by the snap judgment, and started in on the job of getting it changed. Cutting a long story short, I got him to Reval with a letter to Goukovsky from L. In the meantime Moscow refused Ruhl, notwithstanding L's visa. L. was maddened at affront to his visa, and insisted that it be honored. It was, and Ruhl prepared to leave. Suddenly word came from Moscow to Ruhl revoking the permission and to Litvinoff, saying that information had reached Moscow that Ruhl was in service of State Department. At time of writing, both Tobenken and Ruhl are in Reval, stuck.

I told L. this morning of the boat leaving tomorrow and of the courier B. available, asked him if he had anything to write to Martens, offered to take it in shorthand for him, but no, he said he had nothing to write about that I might perhaps send duplicates of our recent cables to Martens.

Kameneff passed by here on a British destroyer en route to London, and didn't stop off here at all, and Krassin went direct from Stockholm. Of the negotiations, allied and Polish, and of the general situation you know about as much as we do here. L's negotiations with the Italians have finally resulted in establishing of mutual representation. Our representative, Vorovsky, has already gone to Italy and their representative, M. Gravina, is en route to Russia. We have just sent two ship loads of Russian wheat to Italy from Odessa.

Give my regards to the people of your circle that I know. With all good wishes to you.

Sincerely yours,
Bill

The batch of letters you sent —  5 Cranbourne Road, Charlton cum Hardy, Manchester, has not yet arrived.

L's recommendation to Moscow, since M. asked to move to Canada, is that M. should be appointed there, and that N., after having some weeks in Moscow acquainting himself first hand, should be appointed representative to America.

L. is sharply critical of the bureau for giving too easily visés and recommendations. He was obviously surprised and incensed when B. reached here with contracts secured in Moscow upon strength of letters given to him by M. The later message from M. evidently didn't reach Moscow. What L. plans to do about it I don't know. I would suggest that M. cable in cipher his recommendation to L. in this matter. L. would have nothing to do with B. here. Awkward situation may be created.

L. instanced also the Rabinoff recommendation.

Two envelopes, Mr. Kenneth Durant, 228 South Nineteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

SOURCE: U.S. State Department Decimal File, 316-119-458/64.

NOTE: IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS

William (Bill) L. BOBROFF	Soviet courier and agent. Operated Bobroff Foreign Trading and Engineering Company of Milwaukee. Invented the voting system used in the Wisconsin Legilature.
Kenneth DURANT	Aide to Colonel House; see text.
SHOEN	Employed by International Oxygen Co., owned by Heller, a prominent financier and Communist.
EWER	Soviet agent, reporter for London Daily Herald.
KLISHKO	Soviet agent in Scandinavia
NUORTEVA	Also known as Alexander Nyberg, first Soviet representative in United States; see text.
Sir Basil THOMPSON	Chief of British Intelligence
"L"	LITVINOFF.
"H"	Wilfred Humphries, associated with Martens and Litvinoff, member of Red Cross in Russia.
KRASSIN	Bolshevik commissar of trade and labor, former head of Siemens-Schukert in Russia.

COMMENTS

This letter suggests close ties between Bobroff and Durant.

DOCUMENT NO. 9

DESCRIPTION

Memorandum referring to a request from Davison (Morgan partner) to Thomas Thacher (Wall Street attorney associated with the Morgans) and passed to Dwight Morrow (Morgan partner), April 13, 1918.

DOCUMENT

The Berkeley Hotel, London
April 13th, 1918.

Hon. Walter H. Page,
American Ambassador to England,
London.

Dear Sir:

Several days ago I received a request from Mr. H. P. Davison, Chairman of the War Council of the American Red Cross, to confer with Lord Northcliffe regarding the situation in Russia, and then to proceed to Paris for other conferences. Owing to Lord Northcliffe's illness I have not been able to confer with him, but am leaving with Mr. Dwight W. Morrow, who is now staying at the Berkeley Hotel, a memorandum of the situation which Mr. Morrow will submit to Lord Northcliffe on the latter's return to London.

For your information and the information of the Department I enclose to you, herewith, a copy of the memorandum.

Respectfully yours,
[sgd.] Thomas D. Thacher.

COMMENT

Lord Northcliffe had just been appointed director of propaganda. This is interesting in the light of William B. Thompson's subsidizing of Bolshevik propaganda and his connection with the Morgan-Rockefeller interests.

DOCUMENT NO. 10

DESCRIPTION

This document is a memorandum from D.C. Poole, Division of Russian Affairs in the Department of State, to the secretary of state concerning a conversation with Mr. M. Oudin of General Electric.

DOCUMENT

May 29, 1922

Mr. Secretary:

Mr. Oudin, of the General Electric Company, informed me this morning that his company feels that the time is possibly approaching to begin conversations with Krassin relative to a resumption of business in Russia. I told him that it is the view of the Department that the course to be pursued in this matter by American firms is a question of business judgment and that the Department would certainly interpose no obstacles to an American firm resuming operations in Russia on any basis which the firm considered practicable.

He said that negotiations are now in progress between the General Electric Company and the Allgemeine Elektrizitats Gesellschaft for a resumption of the working agreement which they had before the war. He expects that the agreement to be made will include a provision for cooperation of Russia.

Respectfully,
DCP D.C. Poole

COMMENT

This is an important document as it relates to the forthcoming resumption of relations with Russia by an important American company. It illustrates that the initiative came from the company, not from the State Department, and that no consideration was given to the effect of transfer of General Electric technology to a self-declared enemy. This GE agreement was the first step down a road of major technical transfers that led directly to the deaths of 100,000 Americans and countless allies.

 

BACK

 

Selected Bibliography

Adam, George. Treason and Tragedy: An Account of French War Trials. London: Jonathan Cape, 1929.

American Red Cross Archives. Minutes of the War Council of the American National Red Cross, Washington, D.C., May 1917; and Billings report to Henry P. Davison, October 22, 1917, Washington, D.C.

Aschberg, Olof. En Vandrande Jude Fran Glasbruksgatan. Stockholm:Albert Bonniers Forlag, n.d.

Binion, Rudolph. Defeated Leaders. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.

Bradley, John. Allied Intervention in Russia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

British War Cabinet Papers. Public Records Office, London.

Browder, Robert Paul, and Kerensky, Alexander F. The Russian Provisional Government, 1917. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1961.

Bruntz, George G. Allied Propaganda and the Collapse of the German Empire in 1918. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1936.

Buley, R. Carlyle. The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, n.d.

Collman, Charles U. Die Kriegstreiber in Wall Street. (Leipzig: Berlag von Rudolf Schick, 1917.
Corey, Lewis. House of Morgan: A Social Biography of the Masters of Money. New York: G. H. Watt, 1930.

Crankshaw, Edward. The Forsaken Idea: A Study of Viscount Milner. London: Longmans Green, 1952.

Cumming, C. K., and Pettit, Walter W. Russian-American Relations, Documents and Papers. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1920.

Diggins, John P. Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972.

Dodd, William E. Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933-1938. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1941.

Domhoff, G. William. Who Rules America? Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

Dulles, John Foster. American Red Cross. New York: Harper, 1950. Futrell, Michael.

Northern Underground. London: Faber and Faber, 1963.

Hagedorn, Hermann. The Magnate: William Boyce Thompson and His Time (1869-1930). New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1935.

Hicks, Granville. John Reed, 1887-1920. New York: Macmillan, 1936.

Hiliquit, Morris. Loose Leaves from a Busy Life. New York: Macmillan, 1934.Howe, Frederick C. The Confessions of a Monopolist. Chicago: Public Publishing, 1906

Johnson. Severance. The Enemy Within. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1920.

Katkov, George. "German Foreign Office Documents on Financial Support
to the Bolsheviks in 1917." International Affairs 32 (1956).Kennan, George F. Decision to Intervene: Soviet-American Relations,
1917-1920. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1958

Kennan, George F. Russia Leaves the War. New York: Atheneum, 1967.

Kennan, George F. The Sisson Documents." Journal of Modern History 27-28 (1955-56).

Kolko, Gabriel. Railroads and Regulation 1877-1916. New York: W. W. Norton, 1965.

Lamont, Thomas W. Across World Frontiers. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1950

Lenin, V. I. Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii. 5th ed., vol. 53. Moscow, 1958. Lenin, V. I.Report to the Tenth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), March 15, 1921.

Lockhart, Robert Hamilton Bruce. British Agent. New York: Putnam's, 1933.

McCormick, Donald. The Mask of Merlin. London: MacDonald, 1963; New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.

Moody, John. The Truth about the Trusts. New York: Moody Publishing, 1904.

Nedava, Joseph. Trotsky and the Jews. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1972.

North, Joseph. Robert Minor: Artist and Crusader. New York: International Publishers, 1956.

Possony, Stefan. Lenin: The Compulsive Revolutionary. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966.

Quigley, Carroll. Tragedy and Hope. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
Reed, John. The Sisson Documents. New York: Liberator Publishing, n.d.

Report of Court Proceedings in the Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites" Heard Before the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Moscow: People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR, 1938.

Reswick, William. I Dreamt Revolution. Chicago: Henry Regnery. 1952.

Rockefeller, John D. The Second American Revolution. Chicago: Public Publishing, 1973.

Rubin, Jacob H. I Live to Tell: The Russian Adventures of an American Socialist. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1934.

Sadoul, Jacques. Notes sur la revolution bolchevique. Paris: Editions de la sirene, 1919.

Sands, William Franklin. Our Jungle Diplomacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944.

Sands, William Franklin. Undiplomatic Memories. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1930.

Schulz, Ernst. Weltdiktator Morgan. Hamburg: Hoffmann and Campe Verlag, 1924.

Steffens, Lincoln. The Letters of Lincoln Steffens. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1941.

Strothers, French. Fighting Germany's Spies. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1918.

Sutton, Antony C. National Suicide: Military Aid to the Soviet Union. New York: Arlington House, 1973.
Sutton, Antony C. Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 3 vols. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution, 1968, 1971, 1973.

Thompson, Polkovnik' Villiam' Boic'. "Pravda o Rossiia i Bol'shevikakh." New York: Russian-American Publication Society, 1918.

Trotsky, Leon. The Bolsheviki and World Peace. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1918.
Trotsky, Leon. My Life. New York: Scribner's, 1930.

Ullman, Richard H. Intervention and the War. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961.
United States, Committee on Public Information. The German-Bolshevik Conspiracy. War Information Series, no. 20, October 1918.

United States, House. The Story of Panama. Hearings of the Committee on Foreign Affairs on the Rainey Resolution, 1913.

United States, Senate. Bolshevik Propaganda. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on the judiciary, 65th Cong., 1919.

United States, Senate. Brewing and Liquor Interests and German and Bolshevik Propaganda. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on the judiciary, 65th Cong., 1919.
United States, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. Investigation of Mexican Affairs, 1920.

United States, Senate. Russian Propaganda. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations pursuant to S. Res. 263, directing the Committee on Foreign Relations to investigate the status and activities of Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, who claimed to be a representative of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic, 1920.

United States, Senate. Russian Propaganda. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations. Report pursuant to S. Res. 263, etc., submitted to Mi. Moses, April 14, 1920. S. report 526, 66th Cong., 1920.

United States, Senate. Russian Propaganda. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 66th Cong., 1920.

United States, State Department Decimal File. Cited in two series: (a) by National Archives microfilm number for documents available for purchase on microfilm-example 316-18-1306 (i.e., microcopy 316, roll 18, frame 1306); and (b) United States, State Department Decimal File, 861.51/649 (i.e., document sub no. 649 in Decimal File 861.51), available at National Archives.

Vanderlip, Frank A. From Farm Boy to Financier. New York: A. AppletonCentury, 1935.

Voline (V. M. Eichenbaum). Nineteen-Seventeen: The Russian Revolution Betrayed. New York: Libertarian Book Club, n.d.

Von Bernstorff, Count. My Three Years in America. New York: Scribner's, 1920.

Ware, Louis. George Foster Peabody. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1951.

Wise, Jennings C. Woodrow Wilson: Disciple of Revolution. New York: Paisley Press, 1938.

ADDENDA

Bardanne, Jean. Le Colonel Nicolai: espion de genie. Paris Editions Siboney, n.d.

Cours de Justice. L'Affaire Caillaux, Loustalot et Comb y: Procedure Generale Interrogatoires. Paris, 1919.

Guernut, Henri; Kahn, Emile; and Lemercier, Camille M. Etudes documentaires sur L'Affaire Caillaux. Paris, n.d.

Vergnet, Paul. L'AffaireCaillaux. Paris, 1918. Chap., "Marx de Mannheim."