Amish Children to Be Denied an Education in New York
Published March 29, 2020 | Ethics, Conscience
An Amish family filed a lawsuit in October 2019 arguing that the
removal of the religious exemption to vaccination mandated for school
attendance violated their rights under the New York Constitution. The
family had three unvaccinated children, who were shut out of a private
school that enrolled only 24 students, all of whom were Amish and
unvaccinated.1 2
Seeking a preliminary injunction to halt the repeal of the religious
exemption so that their children could stay in school pending the
outcome of the case, it was the third legal case requesting a
preliminary injunction to halt the implementation
of Public Health Law 2164 (“the Law”) after the New York legislature took the unprecedented action of passing A2371 that removed the religious exemption for school attendance on June 13, 2019 in one day without a public hearing. The bill was immediately signed into law by Governor Andrew Cuomo the same day.3
The first Amish settlers arrived in New York in 1831. They were attracted to the area in part because of the protection of free exercise of religion in New York’s Constitution. Currently, about 20,000 members of the Amish religion live a secluded life in farming communities in New York, which is thought to have the fastest growing Amish population in the US. 7 8
Many Amish families hold strong religious beliefs, live in close-knit, self-reliant communities and send their children to Amish-only schools until the 89 The U.S. Supreme Court recognized the deeply held religious beliefs of the Amish community when ruled in 1972 that Wisconsin’s compulsory attendance law was unconstitutional under the First Amendment when applied to Amish children past the 8th grade. The Supreme Court held that the State’s interest in compulsory education must yield to the fundamental rights, “protected by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment and the traditional interest of parents with respect to the religious upbringing of their children”10
The Amish put God and community ahead of the individual. The Amish value life as a spiritual activity and believe in separation from, rather than integration with, modern worldly society. The Amish base their daily life and religious practice on a literal interpretation of the Biblical instruction “be not conformed to this world.” (Romans 12:2)….Plaintiff sincerely believes to rely on a man-made vaccination would be an act of unbelief in the power of God to heal and protect. (emphasis added.)12
The Plaintiffs contend that the Law, as amended, violates the free exercise clause of the New York State Constitution. This is the second time that plaintiffs have relied exclusively on the New York Constitution rather than the Federal Constitution when challenging the recent changes to this law. In Sullivan-Knapp v. Cuomo, the New York Supreme Court denied a preliminary injunction finding that the Law did not violate the New York Constitution, although it criticized the Legislature for denying children with a religious exemption an education.14 15
In both cases, the plaintiffs assert that New York’s long history supporting religious tolerance and religious liberty is supported by the State Constitution which grants broader rights than the Federal Constitution as evidenced by the inclusion of the words, “forever” and “all humankind”. The New York Constitution Article 1, Section III sets forth,“The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed in this state to all humankind ” (emphasis added)16
These cases are distinguished from F.F. on behalf of Y.F. v. State, the other lawsuit filed in the 3rd circuit Appellate Court in which plaintiffs were seeking a preliminary injunction asserting the removal of the religious exemption violated the free exercise of religion clause in the United States Constitution and the New York Constitution. In that case, the Appellate Court denied a preliminary injunction and found that, while the plaintiffs would suffer irreparable harm if the preliminary injunction was not granted, they did not establish that they had a likelihood of success on the merits.17
Citing, Mcartney v. Austin, a 1969 Appellate Division case, the Court assumed that there was no need for any discussion at all because Public Health Law 2164, was a valid exercise of state police powers that supercedes the free exercise clause. “..statutes of this nature, and section 2164 in particular, are within the police power and thus constitutional generally is too well established to require discussion.”20
However, the Court failed to consider that when Mcartney was decided, Public Health Law 2164 did include a religious exemption.
The Court also conducted no fact finding, stating;
This decision contradicts Williams v. Orchard Park Sch. Dist, a New York Supreme Court decided in 2019 that found “New York has long recognized the need to balance the protection of the public health against the constitutional rights of parents to raise their children in accordance to their own religious beliefs” and that Public Health Law 2164 with the religious exemption in tact maintained that balance.24
The sheer number of lawsuits filed by families of children denied an education and the financial toll taken by New York as it repeatedly defends a law that unjustly targets and penalizes a small segment of the population should caution other states considering similar legislation.
Referenc
of Public Health Law 2164 (“the Law”) after the New York legislature took the unprecedented action of passing A2371 that removed the religious exemption for school attendance on June 13, 2019 in one day without a public hearing. The bill was immediately signed into law by Governor Andrew Cuomo the same day.3
History of the Amish in the U.S
There are more than 150,000 Amish people living in the United States, most of them are descended from families who, 400 years ago, came to America from Europe trying to escape religious persecution and seeking religious freedom. Some Amish and Mennonite groups emigrated to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in response to William Penn’s experiment with establishing a state of religious tolerance.4 5 6The first Amish settlers arrived in New York in 1831. They were attracted to the area in part because of the protection of free exercise of religion in New York’s Constitution. Currently, about 20,000 members of the Amish religion live a secluded life in farming communities in New York, which is thought to have the fastest growing Amish population in the US. 7 8
Many Amish families hold strong religious beliefs, live in close-knit, self-reliant communities and send their children to Amish-only schools until the 89 The U.S. Supreme Court recognized the deeply held religious beliefs of the Amish community when ruled in 1972 that Wisconsin’s compulsory attendance law was unconstitutional under the First Amendment when applied to Amish children past the 8th grade. The Supreme Court held that the State’s interest in compulsory education must yield to the fundamental rights, “protected by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment and the traditional interest of parents with respect to the religious upbringing of their children”10
The Court Ignored Plaintiff’s Religion
In stark contrast to the opinion of the highest U.S. court, which recognized the religious rights of the Amish community, Judge Doyle’s opinion made no mention of the family’s deeply held religious beliefs or their unique lifestyle at an Amish only school in a secluded community, despite the Plaintiff’s Complaint and supporting 47-page Memorandum of Law focusing on their deeply held religious beliefs.11The Amish put God and community ahead of the individual. The Amish value life as a spiritual activity and believe in separation from, rather than integration with, modern worldly society. The Amish base their daily life and religious practice on a literal interpretation of the Biblical instruction “be not conformed to this world.” (Romans 12:2)….Plaintiff sincerely believes to rely on a man-made vaccination would be an act of unbelief in the power of God to heal and protect. (emphasis added.)12
Recent New York Court Decisions on Public Health Law 2164
In New York, a party seeking a preliminary injunction must show three things by clear and convincing evidence: (1) that they are likely to succeed on the merits or, in other words, win in the end; (2) that they will suffer irreparable harm if the preliminary relief is not granted while waiting for the final judgment; and (3) that the balance of the equities favors their position. In making a determination, the court is required to look at factors such as public policy and hardship to the parties when determining whether granting relief is fair.13The Plaintiffs contend that the Law, as amended, violates the free exercise clause of the New York State Constitution. This is the second time that plaintiffs have relied exclusively on the New York Constitution rather than the Federal Constitution when challenging the recent changes to this law. In Sullivan-Knapp v. Cuomo, the New York Supreme Court denied a preliminary injunction finding that the Law did not violate the New York Constitution, although it criticized the Legislature for denying children with a religious exemption an education.14 15
In both cases, the plaintiffs assert that New York’s long history supporting religious tolerance and religious liberty is supported by the State Constitution which grants broader rights than the Federal Constitution as evidenced by the inclusion of the words, “forever” and “all humankind”. The New York Constitution Article 1, Section III sets forth,“The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed in this state to all humankind ” (emphasis added)16
These cases are distinguished from F.F. on behalf of Y.F. v. State, the other lawsuit filed in the 3rd circuit Appellate Court in which plaintiffs were seeking a preliminary injunction asserting the removal of the religious exemption violated the free exercise of religion clause in the United States Constitution and the New York Constitution. In that case, the Appellate Court denied a preliminary injunction and found that, while the plaintiffs would suffer irreparable harm if the preliminary injunction was not granted, they did not establish that they had a likelihood of success on the merits.17
The Court Failed to Balance the Equities
Relying on a 2006 Appellate Court decision, Catholic Charities, the court stated that it would apply a test that balances the interest advanced by the legislation with the individual right to free exercise of religion.18 However, the Court did not appear to apply any balancing test when it determined that Plaintiffs failed to demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits because they failed to establish that the removal of the religious exemption created an “unreasonable interference to their right to exercise religious freedom”.19Citing, Mcartney v. Austin, a 1969 Appellate Division case, the Court assumed that there was no need for any discussion at all because Public Health Law 2164, was a valid exercise of state police powers that supercedes the free exercise clause. “..statutes of this nature, and section 2164 in particular, are within the police power and thus constitutional generally is too well established to require discussion.”20
However, the Court failed to consider that when Mcartney was decided, Public Health Law 2164 did include a religious exemption.
The Court also conducted no fact finding, stating;
nothing but a clear violation of the Constitution will justify a court in overruling the legislative will…. Further, the Court is required to apply the “presumption that the Legislature has investigated and found the facts necessary to support the legislation.”(I.L.F.Y Co. v. Temporary State Housing Rent Comm., 10 NY2d 263, 269 [1961] (emphasis added)21For the Court to assume that the current version of the Law is constitutional simply because it passed the Legislature is a giant leap of faith unsupported by actual facts.22 The Complaint clearly states that no investigation was conducted and included quotes from outraged members of the Legislature including Senator Lanza;
This bill says we don’t even want to hear you. Your beliefs are so foreign to me that I reject them out of hand. You don’t get a hearing, you don’t get a conversation, you get nothing. I believe what I believe, you believe what you believe, and that’s your problem. I think that’s wrong. And it’s a terrible precedent.23
The Court’s Analysis Missed the Mark
The Court’s decision misses the mark as it analyzes whether the Law is constitutional, rather than addressing Plaintiff’s claim that the removal of the religious exemption violates the New York Constitution. This is a distinction of merit. The Plaintiffs do not argue that the Legislature does not have the right to enact laws to protect the health of New Yorkers, rather, they assert that the New York Constitution requires an exemption to be carved out for those whose deeply held religious beliefs conflict with public health law, which is the reason the religious exemption was incorporated into the Law when it was passed in 1963.This decision contradicts Williams v. Orchard Park Sch. Dist, a New York Supreme Court decided in 2019 that found “New York has long recognized the need to balance the protection of the public health against the constitutional rights of parents to raise their children in accordance to their own religious beliefs” and that Public Health Law 2164 with the religious exemption in tact maintained that balance.24
The Court Ignored the Plaintiff’s Other Arguments
The Court made no mention of the Plaintiff’s claim that denying an education violates the New York Constitution Article XI, Section 1, which established that the Legislature will:provide for the maintenance and support of a system of free common school, wherein all of the children of this state may be educated.25The Court also ignored Plaintiff’s assertion that removing the religious exemption, which would result in denying certain children access to an education, effectively amended the New York Constitution without following the Constitutional amendment process as set forth in Article XIX of the New York Constitution. Instead the bill was passed with no debate in the House health committee, no testimony received from health professionals, no input from the public and no fact finding.26
Lessons Learned from New York
The court decisions in New York make it clear that the assault on our constitutional rights and civil liberties will not be remedied in a courtroom.The sheer number of lawsuits filed by families of children denied an education and the financial toll taken by New York as it repeatedly defends a law that unjustly targets and penalizes a small segment of the population should caution other states considering similar legislation.
Referenc
No comments:
Post a Comment