Nanoplastics: Immune Impact, Detection, and Internalization after Human Blood Exposure by Single-Cell Mass Cytometry
A
new study published in Advanced materials showed significant effects of
nanoplastics on immune system function - upregulation of inflammatory
response.
Inflammation
drives all diseases of aging, causes acidity in the body and lowers
cellular electrical voltage. If we looks at the body from and electro
physiology perspective, this study confirms what we have been seeing in
the human population - an accelerated aging process and immune
dysfunction, leading to accelerated cardiovascular, endocrine and
neurological problems and the rise of turbo cancers.
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“These
results demonstrate that NPs can interact with, interfere with, and
translocate into several immune cell subpopulations after exposure. In
vivo distribution experiments in mice further confirmed their
accumulation in immune cells within the liver, blood, and spleen,
particularly in monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.”
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Abstract
The
increasing exposure to nanoplastics (NPs) raises significant concerns
for human health, primarily due to their potential bioaccumulative
properties. While NPs have recently been detected in human blood,
their interactions with specific immune cell subtypes and their impact
on immune regulation remain unclear. In this proof-of-concept study,
model palladium-doped polystyrene NPs (PS-Pd NPs) are utilized to enable
single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) detection. The size-dependent impact
of carboxylate polystyrene NPs (50–200 nm) is investigated across 15
primary immune cell subpopulations using CyTOF. By taking advantage of
Pd-doping for detecting PS-Pd NPs, this work evaluates their impact on
human immune-cells at the single-cell level following blood exposure.
This work traces PS-Pd NPs in 37 primary immune-cell subpopulations from
human blood, quantifying the palladium atom count per cell by CyTOF
while simultaneously assessing the impact of PS-Pd NPs on cell
viability, functionality, and uptake. These results
demonstrate that NPs can interact with, interfere with, and translocate
into several immune cell subpopulations after exposure. In vivo
distribution experiments in mice further confirmed their accumulation in
immune cells within the liver, blood, and spleen, particularly in
monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These findings provide valuable insights into the impact of NPs on human health.
The
article cites a study from 2022 finding plastic nanoparticles in human
blood. Surprise! After the COVID19 bioweapon rollout we have found
polymer hydrogel plastics in everyone’s blood.
Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood
Plastic
particles are ubiquitous pollutants in the living environment and food
chain but no study to date has reported on the internal exposure of
plastic particles in human blood. This study’s goal was to develop a
robust and sensitive sampling and analytical method with double shot
pyrolysis - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and
apply it to measure plastic particles ≥700 nm in human whole blood from
22 healthy volunteers. Four high production volume polymers applied in plastic were identified and quantified for the first time in blood. Polyethylene
terephthalate, polyethylene and polymers of styrene (a sum parameter of
polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, acetonitrile butadiene styrene etc.)
were the most widely encountered, followed by poly(methyl
methacrylate). Polypropylene was analysed but values were under the limits of quantification. In
this study of a small set of donors, the mean of the sum quantifiable
concentration of plastic particles in blood was 1.6 µg/ml, showing a
first measurement of the mass concentration of the polymeric component
of plastic in human blood. This pioneering human
biomonitoring study demonstrated that plastic particles are bioavailable
for uptake into the human bloodstream. An understanding of the exposure
of these substances in humans and the associated hazard of such
exposure is needed to determine whether or not plastic particle exposure
is a public health risk.
Just
reminding everyone of the stealth nanoparticles in the Moderna patent
that contains polyethylene, polystyrene, polymethacrylate:
The
scientists analyzed effects on 15 different immune system cells and
found inflammation was triggered as well as immune system dysfunction -
inhibiting the ABILITY TO FIGHT PATHOGENS.
We
used carboxylate polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs), with diameters
ranging from 50 to 200 nm, to evaluate the size-dependent impact of NPs
on fifteen primary human immune cells. Moreover, we studied their
effects after blood exposure by single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF),[52] a crucial and innovative technology to decipher the biological impact of various agents in depth.[
Following
human exposure, NPs could affect immune cells by triggering an
inflammatory response, leading to chronic inflammation and immune
dysregulation.[43] Additionally, NPs may interfere with immune cell activities such as phagocytosis and cytokine release,[59]
compromising the ability of the immune system to fight pathogens. It
has been demonstrated that NP size can play an important role in
determining their toxic effects.
Size
matters, the larger they are the more toxic. Now remember they only
looked at the nanoscale - I see polymer filaments that are hundreds of
times larger than a red blood cell ( diameter 5 micrometers). What is
their relative toxicity?
Overall,
our data demonstrate that larger PS NPs (200 nm) are more effective in
inducing cytokine production and immune cell activation, suggesting a
role of particle size in their ability to affect immune cell functions,
in particular in T cells and monocytes. The larger the NP, the greater
the surface area, which may be conducive to increased cytokine
production, suggesting that size is a critical factor in their immune
impact
The
Nanoparticles induce red blood cell death called hemolysis - we have
seen that in many experiments and I have shown that in live blood
analysis. Remember when I showed how the nano and microbots in dental
anestethics kill red blood cells in minutes
Septocaine Dental Anesthetic Mixed With Live Blood: Swarming Micro Robots Kill Blood Cells In 20 Minutes
This is what the study showed:
To evaluate the potential hemolytic activity of NPs, human red blood cells were exposed to 50 µg mL−1 of PS NPs or PS-Pd NPs for 1 and 24 h (Figure S7d,
Supporting Information). PS-Pd NPs induced hemolysis only after 24 h,
while we observed no significant release of hemoglobin caused by PS NPs.
In
this part of the study you can see that there are many different
pathways of how these nanoparticles are causing inflammation as well as
cancer like leukemia. This would explain why I and other doctors see
turbo cancers in the unvaccinated as well now, since the plastic
nanoparticles are cancerogenic via multiple pathways.
To
this extent, the modulation of several ribosomal genes and proteins
also suggests increased cell stress and possibly cell death.[81]
This aligns with existing literature where treatments that induce
oxidative stress have been shown to upregulate similar protective genes
and proteins.[82]
Intriguingly, among the top upregulated pathways identified by gene
expression analysis, we found the AIM2 inflammasome pathway (Figure 3c).
The AIM2 inflammasome is responsible for sensing self and non-self DNA
in the cytosol. This detection initiates inflammasome assembly and IL-1β
release, promoting inflammation.[83]
Together with the previous ROS data, this suggests that PS NP may
induce damage to the mitochondria, leading to DNA release and
inflammasome activation. At the same time, we found the downregulation
of TNFR1-mediated ceramide production and IL-38 signaling, indicating
suppression of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, potentially leading to an
overall increase in inflammation and cytokine production.[84, 85]
The upregulation of the SMAC-XIAP-regulated apoptotic response pathway
suggests an increase in mediated cell death, as SMAC (Second
Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspases) promotes apoptosis by
inhibiting XIAP (X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein), thereby
facilitating caspase activation which is also needed for the
inflammasome pathway activation.[86] Similarly,
the modulation of the RUNX1 in the differentiation of myeloid cells
pathway is known to promote inflammation and an improper monocyte
maturation that may lead to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).[87]
The proteomic analysis confirmed the regulation of similar pathways,
including the RUNX1-regulated transcription of genes involved in the
interleukin signaling pathway (Figure 3d). The upregulation of apoptosome activity is a crucial complex in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.[87]
The upregulation of pathways associated with defective HEXA (HEXA gene
mutations leading to Tay-Sachs disease) causing GM2 gangliosidosis also
implies increased cellular stress.[88]
Conversely, the downregulation of the Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD)
pathway, which usually degrades faulty mRNA transcripts, may result in
the accumulation of defective proteins, contributing to cellular stress
and apoptosis.[89]
Finally, the modulation of amine oxidation pathways and aldehyde
generation, such as monoamine oxidases, MAOA, and MAOB, further
highlights that PS NPs induced apoptosis and ROS formation through
enhanced cellular stress mechanisms (Figure 3d).
These data collectively suggest that PS NPs significantly impact
monocytes by inducing mitochondrial damage, triggering inflammasome
activation, promoting apoptosis, and enhancing cellular stress, leading
to a complex pro-inflammatory response.
Summary:
There
is clear evidence that plastic polymer nanoparticle affect the immune
system in every way imaginable in and adverse way. Inflammation and
immune dysfunction leads to all diseases of aging as well as cancers.
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for example the saying is that EDTA is an acid - you should not take it.
Acids are electron donors - like ascorbic acid - that are able to give
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Links to the books below.
Transhuman
Light Medicine
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