May 14, 1607 |
Jamestown is founded in
Virginia
by the colonists of the London Company. By
the end of the year, starvation and disease reduce the original 105
settlers to just 32 survivors. Captain John Smith is captured by
Native American Chief Powhatan and saved from death by the
chief's daughter, Pocahontas.
|
July 3, 1607 |
On July 3, Indians brought maize, beans, squash, and fresh and smoked meat
to the Jamestown colony. As at Plymouth years later, the colonists
and their diseases would eventually exterminate them.
|
July 29, 1609 |
Samuel de Champlain,
accompanied by two other Frenchmen and 60 Algonquin and Huron Indians,
defeated a band of Iroquois near the future Ticonderoga, beginning a long period of
French/Iroquois hostilities.
|
1611 |
Former Dutch lawyer Adrian Block
explored Manhattan Island in the ship Tiger. He returned to Europe
with a cargo of furs and two kidnapped Indians, whom he named Orson and Valentine.
|
May 13, 1614 |
The Viceroy of Mexico found Spanish
Explorer
Juan de Onate guilty of atrocities against
the Indians of
New
Mexico.
As part of his punishment, he was banned from entering New Mexico
again.
|
1616 |
A smallpox epidemic decimates the Native
American population in New England.
|
May, 1616 |
Virginia's Deputy Governor George Yeardley and a group of men killed 20 - 40 Chickahominy
Indians. It was under Yeardley’s leadership that friendly
relations between the Chickahominy and the colony ended.
|
1621 |
One of the first treaties between
colonists and Native Americans is signed as the Plymouth Pilgrims enact a
peace pact with the Wampanoag Tribe, with the aid of Squanto, an
English speaking Native American.
|
1622-44
|
Powhatan Wars
- Following an initial period of peaceful relations in
Virginia, a twelve year conflict left many natives and
colonists dead.
|
1626 |
Peter Minuit, a Dutch colonist, buys
Manhattan island from Native Americans for 60 guilders (about $24) and names the
island New Amsterdam.
|
1636-37
|
Pequot War
- Taking place in Connecticut and Rhode
Island, the death of a colonist eventually led to the destruction of
600-700 natives. The remainder were sold into slavery in Bermuda.
|
May 26, 1637 |
Captains John Mason and John Underhill
attacked and burned Pequot forts at Mystic, Connecticut, massacring
600 Indians and starting the
Pequot War.
|
June 5, 1637 |
English settlers in New England massacred
a Pequot Indian village.
|
1639 |
Captain William Pierce of Salem,
Massachusetts sailed to the West Indies and exchanged
Indian slaves for black slaves.
|
1675-1676 |
King Philip's War - Sometimes called Metacom's War, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants
of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their
Native American allies.
|
July 30,
1676 |
Bacon's Rebellion - Tobacco planters
led by Nathaniel Bacon ask for and are denied permission to attack the
Susquehannock
Indians, who have been conducting raids on colonists'
settlement. Enraged at Governor Berkeley's refusal, the colonists
burn Jamestown and kill many
Indians before order is restored in October.
|
1680-92 |
The
Pueblo Revolt occurs in
Arizona and
New Mexico,
when Pueblo Indians
led by Popé, rebelled against the Spanish. They then lived independently for 12
years until the Spanish re-conquered in them in 1692.
|
1689-1697
|
King William's War - The first of the French and Indian Wars,
this conflict was fought between England, France, and their
respective American Indian allies in the colonies of Canada (New
France), Acadia, and New England. It was also known as the Second Indian
War (the first having been
King Philip's War).
|
1689-1763 |
The French and Indian
War, a conflict between France and Britain for possession of North
America, rages for decades. For various motivations, most Algonquian
tribes allied with the French; the Iroquois with the British.
|
1702 |
French explorer Pierre Liette had a
four-year sojourn in the
Chicago
area during which he noticed that "the sin of sodomy" prevailed
among the Miami
Indians, and that some men were bred from childhood for this
purpose.
|
June 23, 1704 |
Former Governor of
South Carolina, James
Moore, led a force of 50 British, and 1,000
Creek Indians against Spanish settlements. They attacked a Mission in
Northwestern
Florida. They took many
Indians as slaves and killed Father Manuel de Mendoza.
|
1709 |
A slave market was erected at the
foot of Wall Street in New York City. Here African-Americans and
Indians -- men, women and children were daily declared the
property of the highest cash bidder.
|
1711 |
Hostilities break out between Native
Americans and settlers in North Carolina after the
massacre of settlers there. The conflict, known as the Tuscarora
War, under the leadership of Chief Hancock, attacked
several settlements, killing settlers and destroying farms for the
next two years. In 1713, James Moore and Yamasee warriors defeated the
raiders.
|
1715-1718 |
The Yamasee War occurs in southern Carolina,
which came close to exterminating white
settlements in their region.
|
1716 |
|
1721 |
Jesuit explorer Pierre Francois
Xavier de Charlevoix recorded effeminacy and widespread
homosexuality and lesbianism among the "Indian”
tribes in what is now Louisiana. The most prominent
tribes in the
area at the time were the Iroquois and Illinois.
|
1725 |
Ten sleeping Indians were scalped by whites in New Hampshire for a bounty.
|
1745 |
Upon hearing of an impending French
and Indian attack upon the Ulster county frontiers, Europeans
massacred several
Indian families in their wigwams at Walden in the Hudson River
Valley.
|
November 28, 1745 |
French military
forces out of Canada, accompanied by 220 Caughnawaga Mohawk and
Abenaki Indians, attacked and burned the English settlement at Saratoga.
The 101 inhabitants were either killed or taken prisoner.
|
1752 |
In the 1752 census, 147 "Indian"
slaves -- 87 females and 60 males -- were listed as living in French
households in what would later be called
Illinois.
These people were from different cultural groups than the local
Native American population and were often captives of war.
|
April 9, 1754 |
An
Indian slave trader sent a letter to
South Carolina Governor J.
Glenn asking for permission to use one group of Indians to fight another: "We want no pay, only what we can take
and plunder, and what slaves we take to be our own."
|
April 8, 1756 |
Governor Robert Morris declared war on the
Delaware and
Shawnee
Indians. Included in his war declaration was "The Scalp Act,”
which put a bounty on the scalps of Indian men, women and boys.
|
August 1, 1758 |
The first
Indian reservation in North America was established by the New
Jersey Colonial Assembly.
|
1759 |
Responding to a
Comanche
attack that destroyed two missions on the San Saba River in central
Texas,
a Spanish force of 600 marched north to the Red River where they
engaged several thousand Comanche
and other Plains Indians fighting behind breastworks and armed with French
rifles. The Spaniards were routed, losing a cannon in their retreat,
and Comanche raids became a constant threat to settlers throughout
Texas.
|
1760-62
|
Cherokee Uprising -
A breakdown in relations
between the British and the
Cherokee
leads to a general uprising in present-day
Tennessee,
Virginia and the
Carolinas.
|
1762 |
Governor Thomas Velez Cachupin had a
number of
Indians living at Albiquiú [La Cañada,
New
Mexico ]
tried for witchcraft sometime after 1762. They were conveniently
condemned into servitude.
|
1763 |
The Proclamation of 1763, signed by
King George III of England, prohibits any English settlement west of
the Appalachian Mountains and requires those already settled in
those regions to return east in an attempt to ease tensions with
Native Americans.
|
May, 1763 |
The
Ottawa
Indians under Chief Pontiac begin all-out warfare
against the British west of Niagara, New York, destroying several British
forts and conducting a siege against the British at Detroit,
Michigan. In
August, Pontiac's forces are defeated by the British near
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The siege of Detroit ends in November, but hostilities
between the British and Chief Pontiac continue for several years.
|
December 8, 1763 |
An organization
compensating settlers for losses resulting from
Indian raids was created by Indian Commissioner Sir William Johnson.
|
December 14, 1763
|
A vigilante group called the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania kill 20 peaceful
Susquehannock in response to Pontiac's Rebellion.
|
December 27, 1763 |
A troop of 50 armed
men entered the Workhouse at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and hacked to
death the only 14 surviving Conestoga
Indians (the rest of the tribe having been similarly dispensed
with, 13 days earlier).
|
1775 |
Forced to labor in the mission
fields and to worship according to the missionaries' teachings, the
Indians at San Diego rebelled against the Spanish,
burning every
building and killing most of the inhabitants, including the
mission's head priest. Thanks to a Spanish sharpshooter, the
Indians were finally driven off and the Spanish retained control
of their outpost.
|
May 25, 1776 |
The
Continental Congress
resolved that it was "highly expedient to engage Indians in service of the United Colonies," and authorized
recruiting 2,000 paid auxiliaries. The program was a dismal failure,
as virtually every tribe refused to fight for the colonists.
|
July 21, 1776 |
Cherokee
Indians attacked a settlement in western North Carolina. Militia
forces retaliated by destroying a nearby
Cherokee
village.
|
1772-1780 |
Eighty percent of the
Arikara died of smallpox,
measles, etc.
|
1776-1794
|
Chickamauga Wars - A
series of conflicts that were a continuation of the
Cherokee struggle
against white encroachment. Led by Dragging Canoe, who was called the
Chickamauga by colonials, the
Cherokee fought white settlers in
Tennessee,
Kentucky,
Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolinaa, and
Georgia.
|
1781 |
Smallpox wiped out more than half
the Piegan
Blackfoot.
|
March 8, 1782 |
Captain David Williamson
and about 90 volunteer militiamen slaughtered 62 adults and 34
children of the neutral, pacifist, and Christian
Delaware people at
Gnadenhutten, Ohio in retaliation for raids by other Indian
tribes.
|
April 21, 1782 |
The Presidio,
overlooking San Francisco, was erected by the Spanish to subdue
Indians interfering with mail transmissions along El Camino
Real.
|
1785-1795
|
Old Northwest War
- Fighting occurred in Ohio and Indiana.
Following two humiliating defeats at the hands of native warriors, the
Americans won a decisive victory under "Mad Anthony" Wayne at the Battle
of Fallen Timbers.
|
July 13, 1786 |
The Northwest
Ordinance was enacted, stating "the utmost good faith shall always be
observed toward the
Indians .
. . in their property, rights, and liberty they shall never be
disturbed."
|
1787 |
First federal treaty enacted with the
Delaware
Indian.
|
1789 |
Indian Commerce Clause of the Constitution is added stating "The
Congress shall have Power...to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations,
and among the several States, and with the Indian
tribes." This clause is generally seen as the principal
basis for the federal government's broad power over Indians.
Indian affairs assignation.
Indian agents, who were appointed as the federal government's
liaison with tribes, fell under jurisdiction of the War Department.
The Indian agents were empowered to negotiate treaties with the tribes.
|
1790 |
The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act is passed, placing nearly all
interaction between Indians and non-Indians
under federal, rather than state control, established the boundaries
of Indian country, protected Indian lands against non-Indian
aggression, subjected trading with Indians to federal regulation, and stipulated that injuries
against
Indians by non-Indians
was a federal crime. The conduct of Indian among themselves, while in
Indian country, was left entirely to the
tribes. These Acts were
renewed periodically until 1834.
Military battle between US Army and
Shawnee. The army, some
1,500 strong, invaded
Shawnee territory, in what is now western Ohio.
The Americans were defeated in 1791 after suffering 900 casualties,
600 of whom died.
|
March 1, 1790 |
The first U.S. Census
count included slaves and free African-Americans, but
Indians
were not included.
|
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