Note: This is in three parts:
Dr. Gross 1976 DHHS/FDA memo to Dr. Sharp on irregular proposal
Dr. Gross 1987 Oct. Letter (reply) to Senator Metzenbaum
Dr. Gross 1987 Nov. Letter (follow-up) to Senator Metzenbaum
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(Note: This memo is on DHHS stationary)
To : Mr. Carl Sharp Date: Nov. the 4th, 1976
From : M. Adrian Gross
Subject : Draft Agreement for Validation of Searle Aspartame Studies
The following are some comments which you requested on the document
under reference as well as on the cover memorandum Wylie/Gardner dated
November 1, 1976.
I must confess that I became deeply disturbed on reading this effort -
last July 14th in a telephone conversation I had with Commissioner
Schmidt during which I stated my reservations about this entire plan, he
assured me that whatever is being contemplated in this area will be
undertaken in full knowledge of and consultation with some of us who
were intimately involved with the Searle investigations and that whatever
is finally accepted will be of such nature as not to jeopardize or
undermine all of our previous work. Given this kind of background I
suffered a rude shock by the proposed plan in front of us at this time.
Let us put this matter in some perspective by establishing the basic
facts here. The Searle investigation which started in the Fall of 1975
can be viewed as an investigation "for cause" following the discovery of
certain improprieties in the conduct of animal studies during preliminary
inspections in the 1974 and in the first half of 1975. The report of the
Task Force submitted i March of 1976 in essence constituted a stinging
indictment of Searle and it contained various recommendations for
regulatory action including referral to the Justice Department for
review of possible criminal violations of the law.
The Aspartame studies to which we have reference here are nothing but an
extension of the studies which were reviewed by the Task Force. I see
no essential difference between them and any of the studies already
investigated. In the meantime this Agency as received a substantial
amount of additional funding for the express purpose of monitoring the
quality of research carried out by regulated industry in a much expanded
fashion. As part of this program, there has been a marked degree of
effort, time and money expended on setting up sundry task forces, steering
committees, training courses for investigators, "surveillance"
inspections, regulations for good laboratory practices, compliance
programs, etc.
Yet, notwithstanding any of this, now that the Agency is confronted with
the need of completing what it started out to do in this Searle matter,
we seem to be turning to an outside group of questionable capability in this
area:- the UAREP. I know absolutely nothing of the past experience of this
outfit to carry out investigations of this sort - perhaps, whoever it was
that selected this group to carry out our responsibilities for us might be
as kind as to enlighten us on this point. I noted the name of Dr. Stowell
associated with this organization - I have known Dr. Stowell for many years
now from the time he was Scientific Director of the Armed Forces Institute
of Pathology and I can readily agree that he has impeccable credentials and
a remarkable achievement in his own field of pathology; as far as investigations
of the sort that we are concerned with here, however, I would judge him to
be a complete neophyte in this particular area. I also know nothing of the
others at UAREP to do the actual "hands-on" part of the investigation -
we need additional details here but I would doubt very much that UAREP could
come up with a number of workers who are both experienced and competent in
matters of this sort.
Speaking as a pathologist, I seriously question the wisdom of selecting a group
of pathologist to oversee the kind of investigations that are called for here;
pathology problems do not constitute but a small part of the difficulties
involved in situations such as these. My own experience is that, as a rule,
controversial technical aspects in pathology proper (such as whether any
particular characterization of any given lesion is a proper one or not) are
\seldom an important factor in a determination whether any study contains
serious flaws. this has been amply demonstrated in the extensive Searle
investigation as well as in other investigations currently under way in the
Bureau of Drugs. I have great difficulties in visualizing pathologist
conducting a searching examination of a variety of records which have nothing
to do with pathology or closely question a number of administrators,
laboratory technicians or aids, animal caretakers, etc., on their practices, on
detail of their tasks, adequacy of their observations and so on.
I would not like to generate the impression here that scientific expertise
in pathology or in any other scientific field associated with studies like
these could or should be totally ignored. Far from it. However, the
concept under which we have operated ever since I can remember is that
investigations are best handled by trained and experienced investigators.
Where there is a need to address certain scientific problems which transcend
the capabilities of the investigators, the practice has always been for
the appropriately qualified specialists from the various Bureaus of the FDA
to assist the investigators; in those few cases where outstanding technical
difficulties beyond the capabilities of Agency scientists are required, we
have not refrained in the past from using help from outside and I should
hope we shall continue to do so in the future. But this help provided by
scientists on an ad-hoc basis and only where it is required is an entirely
different matter than having scientists direct the actual course of the
investigation. While I believe it is entirely proper (in fact preferable)
to have scientists evaluate the scientific impact of a set of findings,
I cannot see professional scientists do the job of professional investigators
any more than I could see members of a legal society doing the work of
detectives or policemen in investigating various aspects of a specific crime.
It disturbs me to see from the draft we have here that the role of what is
termed the "FDA Monitor" will be reduced to little more than having this
person be present during communications between UAREP and Searle; I find
this kind of prospect ludicrous and I do not understand the need for it.
What I understand even less is why Searle should offer or be asked to pay
the cost of this entire operation to the investigative agent in a direct
manner; why is there a necessity for this body, UAREP, to enter into any
kind of formal contract with Searle and why are we expected to co-sign
such a contract? The fact that Searle will pay for this cannot but give
them some kind of decision-making role as is evident from merely reading
the terms of this proposed contract. It seems to me that no-one except
the FDA can have the responsibility for undertaking this kind of work -
this is our mission and we are being paid from public fund to care it
out.
Although, as expressed above, there is much I do not understand about this
entire plan, particularly its basic raison d'etre, there is something here
that I appreciate fully:- this is the statement at the top of page two of
Wylie's memorandum:- "Searle understandably continues to press for the
expediting of this agreement."
I would suggest that implementation of this contract can have only one
of two predictable outcomes which are mutually exclusive:-
a) There are serious improprieties in the conduct of these studies.
If this is the case, I would submit that inexperienced outside
scientists selected by an outside agency under contract to the
firm which is the object of the investigation, will have a
markedly reduced probability of detecting such improprieties;
b) There are no serious improprieties in the conduct of these studies.
IF this is the case, it would necessarily follow that any report
written by the "investigators" would not signal the presence of
any such improprieties. But, if so, for exactly the same reasons
as listed above, such a report may well be interpreted as being
nothing short of an improper whitewash.
My recommendation is simply that this entire plan be aborted forthwith,
and that we proceed with this matter in a way we are supposed to; this
is the way we have handled things like this in the past and the way we
anticipate to operate in the future.
M. Adrian Gross
HFD-108
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(Note: This letter is on EPA Stationary)
Senator Howard M. Metzenbaum, (Dated 30 October, 1987)
United States Senate,
140 Russell Senate Office Building,
Washington, DC, 20510
Dear Senator Metzenbaum,
The following is in response to a request for comments addressed to
me by Mr. James C. Wagoner of your Office in reference to the safety of
the artificial sweetener aspartame, known commercially as Nutrasweet.
As you may know, during my service with the FDA from 1964 to 1979 I
participated along with others in the extensive investigation of the
quality of experimental studies carried out by or for the G.D. Searle &
Co. of Skokie, Ill. Inasmuch as I had participated both in the "on-site"
investigations as G.D. Searle & Co., as well as in the evaluation of the
findings that emerged, my signature along with those of others appears on
the final report of that FDA investigations (known also as the Searle Task
Force Report) which was dated March the 24th, 1976.
In early 1979 I was transferred fro duty from the FDA to the EPA to
assume a position involving a promotion for me. My comments here ought
not to be taken to imply in any way that they represent the views of the
EPA since this agency has no regulatory concerns whatsoever in the area of
food additives; rather, such comments of mine represent strictly my own
views.
During that 1975 FDA investigation at G.D. Searle & Co. and at a
number of their contractors, a total of 25 distinct experimental studies
were intensively audited. Almost half of those 25 studies (11, to be
exact) were carried out for aspartame with the remaining 14 studies having
been distributed amongst 6 drug products manufactured by G.D. Searle &
Co. It is worthy of note that the conduct of all experimental studies by
that firm, regardless whether they entailed food additives or drug
products, was the responsibility of a single group in the G.D. Searle &
Co.'s organization:- the Pathology-Toxicology or Path-Tox Department.
Practices that were noted in connection with any given such study were
quite likely to have been noted also for other studies that were audited,
and this was a situation which was in no way unexpected:- after all, the
set of all such studies executed by that firm from about 1968 to the mid
1970's were conducted in essentially the same facilities, by virtually the
same technicians, professional workers and supervisors, and the nature of
such studies does not differ much whether a food additive or a drug
product is being tested for safety in laboratory animals. It is in this
sense, therefore, that the overall conclusions summarized at the beginning
of the Searle Task Force Report have relevance to a all the studies audited
in 1975 (whether they had reference to aspartame or to any of the six drug
products of Searle's) and, by extension, to the totality of experimental
studies carried out by that firm around that time - 1968 to 1975.
The FDA's Task Force Report starts at the top of its page 1 with:-
"At the heart of the FDA's regulatory process is its
ability to rely upon the integrity of the basic safety
data submitted by sponsors of regulated products. Our
investigation clearly demonstrates that, in the (case of
the) GD Searle Company, we have no basis for such
reliance now.
"Reliance on a sponsor is justified when FDA has
reasonable assurance that the sponsor will: (1) inform
the agency of all material results, observations, and
conclusions of an experiment, (2) report fully and
completely all of the conditions and circumstances un-
der which an experiment was conducted, and (3) submit
its reports to the FDA in a timely fashion so that
measures to protect the public health and safety can be
taken promptly when warranted. Through our efforts, we
have uncovered serious deficiencies in Searle's
operations and practices which undermine the basis for
reliance on Searle's integrity in conducting high quality
animal research to accurately determine or characterize
the toxic potential of its products."
"Searle has not met the above criteria on a number
of occasions and in a number of ways. We have noted that
Searle has not submitted all of the facts of experiments to
FDA, retaining unto itself the unpermitted option of
filtering, interpreting, and not submitting information
which we would consider material to the safety evaluation
of the product. Some of our findings suggest an attitude
of disregard for FDA's mission of protection of the
public health by selectively reporting the results of
studies in a manner which allays the concerns of ques-
tions of an FDA reviewer. Finally, we have found instan-
ces of irrelevant or unproductive animal research where
experiments have been poorly conceived, carelessly execu-
ted, or inaccurately analyzed or reported."
"While a single discrepancy, error, or inconsisten-
cy in any given study may not be significant in and of
itself, the cumulative findings of problems within and
across the studies we investigated reveal a pattern of
conduct which compromises the scientific integrity of the
studies. We have attempted to analyze and characterize
the problems and to determine why they are so pervasive
in the studies we investigated."
"Unreliability in Searle's animal research does not
imply, however, that its animal studies have provided no
useful information on the safety of its products. Poorly
controlled experiments containing random error blur the
differences between treated and control animals and in-
crease the difficulty of discriminating between the two
populations to detect a product-induced effect. A posi-
tive finding of toxicity in the test animals in a poorly
controlled study provides a reasonable lower bound on the
true toxicity of the substance. The agency must be free
to conclude that the results from such a study, while
admittedly imprecise as to incidence or severity of the
untoward effect, cannot be overlooked in arriving at a
decision concerning the toxic potential of the product."
In addition to those general comments and references to no basis for
reliance on reports generated by the GD Searle Company, serious
deficiencies in Searle's operations and practices, Searle's integrity,
Searle's selectively reporting the results, poorly conceived, carelessly
executed and inaccurately analyzed or reported experiments at Searle's, a
pattern of conduct which compromises the scientific integrity of the
studies, pervasive problems in the Searle studies, their unreliability,
etc., which apply across the board to all studies investigated, there are a
number of additional problems that attach specifically to the aspartame
studies. These are discussed in the FDA's Searle Task Force Report in its
page 25 - paragraph 1
- on the identity of the material tested;
page 26 - last paragraph
- on the excision of tumor masses ante-mortem
and writing the protocol after the start of a
study;
page 31 - paragraph 2
- on Searle tactics designed to obtain FDA
approval for aspartame;
page 32 - last paragraph
- on continuity of personnel at Searle and on
the adequacy of their training and supervi-
sion of such personnel;
page 33 - paragraph 2
- on practices which could compromise the study;
- paragraph 3
- on improper departure from protocol specifica-
tions on age of the animals used;
page 34 - paragraph 2
- on deviations from protocol at Hazleton Labo-
ratories;
page 36 - paragraph 3
- on the lack of concern both at Searle and at
Hazleton Laboratories over the homoqeniety,
or stability of the ingredient-diet mixture;
subsequent paragraphs deal with the same sort
of problems at Hazleton Laboratories and it is
concluded that "there is no way in which it
can be assured that animals received the
intended dosage.";
page 39 - paragraph 1
- on the improper use of pesticides in the
areas where the studies were carried out; on
the condition of the blenders used to mix the
test agent in the diet; on the lack of
records on mixing operations; on the
conditions of the labels of the mixtures; on
the lack of inventories of the test substance;
page 42 - paragraph 1
- on the records kept of the observations made
and on the numerous errors and inconsistencies
amongst observations and findings;
page 47 - near bottom
- on the impact of the errors in the records of
observations;
page 51 - paragraph 1
- on the excision of tumor masses; see also page
52, paragraph 1 there for the impropriety of
this practice;
page 52 - last paragraph
- on the "substantial" loss in pathology info-
mation due to autolysis, fixation "in toto",
etc.
page 55 - top
- on the impropriety of changing a prosector's
observations by others who did not participate
in examining the carcasses of the animals;
page 57 - paragraph 2
- on the poor quality of material prepared for
microscopic examination of the tissues;
page 60 - paragraph 3
- on observations being reported for material
that never existed; this problem was noted
at both Searle and Hazleton Laboratories;
page 62 - paragraph 2
- on the lack of training by the "professional"
scientists making observations in
teratogincity studies;
page 64 - paragraph 3
- on the abysmal quality of the aspartame tera-
tology and reproduction studies and on an
evaluation of these by a leading international
British expert in this area;
page 66 - paragraph 3
- on the serious problems with the Waisman study
of Aspartame in monkeys;
page 80 - top
- on the false values presented by Searle on
observations collected during the aspartame
studies in hamsters, with reference to blood,
clinical chemistry, etc., and the improper
filtering of results from the 115 week rat study with
aspartame.
It should be pointed out that the Task Force Report detailing those
general conclusions as well as those that relate specifically to the
aspartame studies are not merely the views of the members of the Task Force
itself. That Task Force operated under the direction of a Steering Commit-
tee composed of a number of FDA Bureau Directors as well as others and the
Chairman of that Committee was none other then the FDA Commissioner
himself. In fact the Task Force Report was addressed to the Commissioner
in his capacity as Chairman of the Steering Committee, and, it seems clear
that both the Committee and the Commissioner accepted that report and
transmitted it to the United States Senate as an institutional FDA report
without changing in it as much as a semicolon. The following are quotes
from pages 3 and 4 of the record of hearings of April 8-9 and July 10,
1976, held by Sen. Edward Kennedy, Chairman, Subcommittee on Administrative
Practice and Procedure, Committee on the Judiciary, and Chairman, Subcom-
mittee on Health, Committee on Labor and Public Health:-
page 3 of the record
- Commissioner Schmidt of the FDA :- "Today I
would like to report to you the final results
of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA)
detailed investigation of animal studies performed by
Searle..." (emphasis added);
page 4 of the record
- Senator Kennedy (addressing Commissioner
Schmidt):- "Let me ask you this. These are the
conclusions of the (Task Force appointed to
that ) study. Do you agree with those conclu-
sions?"
Dr. Schmidt:- "Yes I do."
Senator Kennedy:- "Yes, you do. Is this the
first time, to your knowledge, that such a
problem has been uncovered of this magnitude by
the Food and Drug Administration?"
Dr. Schmidt:- "It is certainly the first time
that such an extensive and detailed examinations'
of this kind has taken place. We have never
before conducted such an examination as we did
at Searle."
"From time to time, we have been aware of iso-
lated problems, but we were not aware of the
extent of the problem in one pharmaceutical
house..."
Given those conclusions reached on the quality of Searle experimental
studies in general and of the aspartame studies in particular, as we have
seen above, by both the FDA as an institution and its Commissioner in 1976,
how is it possible for another Commissioner in July, 1981, to reapprove
the use of aspartame being marketed in dry foods? How is it possible for
yet another Commissioner two years later, in July, 1983, to have extended
such approval for marketing aspartame also in carbonated beverages? Such
approvals were based on largely the very same studies that were examined by
the Task Force in 1975-76.
It seems to me that no amount of additional examinations of pathology
material such as undertaken by the UAREP and others, now additional statis-
tical analyses carried out on the data, and no judgmental evaluations or
interpretations of any data arising from those studies can in any way
rectify the basic problem expressed by the Task Force, i.e., the FDA
itself: in the absence of reasonable expectation that the experimental
animals were administered the correct dosages of the test agent, any obser-
vational data carried out on those animals must be regarded as questionable
or flawed. This is to say nothing of all the myriad of other problems
involving the competence of those conducting such studies, and the care
they exercised in their execution. Once a study is carried out and the
test animals are disposed of, all that remains are the number of tiny bits of
fissure preserved from their organs for microscopic examination and the
written records of observations made by those who actually carried out that
study. While the tissues themselves can be examined by others long after
the remains of those animals no longer exist, the reliability of the
written records has already been found to be unacceptable in a great
variety of ways. Clearly, there is no way that even the most competent
scientists can make any new observations on those animals at a time subse-
quent to the conduct of the study. Once a study is compromised in its
executions, it is beyond salvation by anyone.
Even with respect to those small portions of tissue preserved for
microscopic examination for an indefinite period of time after any study is
completed there are serious problems as presented in the 1976 FDA report
with respect to Searle studies in general and for the aspartame studies in
particular:- there is little if any assurance that such samples of tissues
as were preserved actually originate from the specific animals said by
Searle or Hazleton to have been their source (see the discussion on page 57
paragraph 2 et seq.) Furthermore, due to the unacceptably high rate of
post-mortem autolysis, a great many such tissues were not collected at all
from the experimental animals. In any such study of even a few hundred
test animals, it takes no more than a dozen or so of them to exhibit a
particular lesion (such as brain tumors, for instance) where missing no
more than one or two animals manifesting such tumors in any given exposure
group may well make the difference whether that particular lesion is or is
not significantly associated with the test agent, i.e., aspartame or any of
its related chemicals.
Following the Senate hearing in the Spring and Summer of 1976, during
the winter beginning in that year the FDA began negotiating with GD Searle
& Co. on retaining the UAREP (Universities Associated with Research and
Education in Pathology), a private organization, on the feasibility of
investigating a number of other Searle studies with aspartame. Whin I
heard of those negotiating being in effect, I wrote a memorandum to Mr.
Carl Sharp, the chairman of the FDA's Searle Task Force, on November the
4th, 1976. a copy of it is given here as Attachment 1, and my apprehen-
sions over such plans is clearly evident there. Basically, they amounted
to the fact that the UAREP was totally unsuited for such task since it had
never before engaged in anything like it and I also objected to the idea
that Searle was to fund that particular activity by the UAREP. As men-
tioned there, the FDA had just received a supplemental appropriation from
the US Congress for the express purpose of expanding its own activities in
that very area of investigating the conduct of such experimental studies by
the regulated industry. Under that appropriation (which came to some
$16,000.000) a great number of additional investigators were hired and
trained for this particular task by the FDA.
A few months prior to the UAREP beginning its investigations in August
of 1977, in April of that same year, yet another FDA investigation of three
aspartame studies conducted at GD Searle & Co. was undertaken. The 76-page
report of that investigation (also known as the Bressler report, after the
name of the leader of the investigative team, Mr. Jerome Bressler, a
compliance officer in the FDA's Chicago District) reveals the reference to
a single one of those studies (the 115-week experiment in rats exposed to
DKP or diketopiperazine, a breakdown product of aspartame) the following:-
- substitutions of some of the animals in that study;
- the presence of intercurrent disease amongst the test animals and
the administration of drugs to combat this, neither of which were
completely reported to the FDA;
- incomplete examinations of tissues from the experimental animals;
- excision of tissue masses likely to be tumors from live animals
during the study;
- absence of batch records for the mixing of the test substance into
the diet of the test animals;
- incomplete stability studies for the agent on test;
- absence of homoqeneity studies for the agent on test;
- deficiencies in the methods of chemical assay for the actual DKP
that was mixed into the diet of the experimental rats;
- problems with the dosage of the DKP that was given to those rats;
- problems with the fixation-in-toto and autolysis;
- failure to report to the FDA all tissue masses (likely to be tumors)
which were found in the experimental rats;
- failure to report to the FDA all internal tumors present in the
experimental rats, e.g., polyps in the uterus (animal K9MF), ovary
neoplasms (Animals H19CF, H19CF, and H7HF) as well as other lesions
(Animal D29CF);
- inconsistencies between different parts of the report on this study
submitted by GD Searle & Co. to the FDA on the precise nature of the
lesions manifested by the test rats;
- numerous transcription errors in that report.
Interestingly and most important, the Bressler investigating group
found not only that no homogeneity test were conducted by GD Searle & Co.
on the mixture of the test agent within the animals' diet, but they
actually obtained direct evidence that in fact the distribution of the test
agent in that diet was clearly not homogeneous due to failure to have the
test agent ground in a sufficiently fine manner. Descriptive remarks on
this issue were found by the FDA investigators in a notebook kept by Searle
personnel on observations made during the study, as was a Polaroid photo-
graph taken by the same Searle technicians and which clearly shows the test
agent in the form of coarse particles with the animals' diet. If follows
that the experimental rats could have consumed their feed without actually
touching the DKP and, consequently, no-one can state with any assurance
whatsoever just how much DKP (if any) those rats were actually exposed to
in the course of that study. Evidence such as this obtained by the FDA
investigators seems to me to have been crucial to the interpretation of any
findings or observations by Searle.
On page 32 of the GAO report one can read the view of the FDA's
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) on the findings of the
investigators. To me these read like a script written for Abbott and
Costello in the sense of their having their perceptions inside-out or
upside-down - "the diets may have been homogeneous because of a
dose-related increase in the incidence of uterine polyps and decrease in
blood cholesterol levels" (a clear non-sequitur, such as one almost never
encounters in real life); on the problem with autolysis of the tissues the
CFSAN felt "they could not determine whether the results would have been
altered if these tissues had been obtained before autolysis (an obvious
instance of placing the burden of proof that a study is unsound on the
Government rather then requiring the petitioner for approval of a food
additive to demonstrate, as the Law requires, that any study is of sound
quality); the observation by the investigators that 329 fetuses were
examined in two days by a single person (a clear impossibility) was laid
aside by the CFSAN with another non-sequitur:- that "the Searle scientist
who performed these examinations estimated that he examined about 30
fetuses a day..."; on the fact that an insufficient number of sections
were made out of the heart, the CFSAN observed:- "...while there was no
evidence that the study was compromised by this issue, the practice of not
making enough sections through the organs, as specified in the protocol,
did not preclude a possible failure to observe abnormalities which may have
occurred."
Despite all these problems, at least some of which undermined or
compromised the study in an unredeeming manner, apparently the CFSAN and
the FDA Commissioner found the quality of those three studies reported on
by the Bressler investigating group as being in fact of an acceptable
nature and GD Searle & Co. were notified to this effect in September, 1977.
The investigation undertaken by the UAREP began in August, 1977.
After reading the report of that group, it became painfully clear to me
that the misgivings which I foresaw in November 1976 (see Attachment 1
here) were indeed justified and my worst fears were eventually realized.
If one compares the kind of detailed and painstaking findings made by the
professional investigators from the FDA both in 1975 and in 1977 with the
rather amateurish activities by the UAREP outlined in their report, the
contrast between these could hardly have been greater. Of course, inasmuch
as GD Searle had paid for the UAREP investigation, the cost of it for the
FDA was nil; what the FDA got in return for its money, was not worth much
more than this.
Perhaps the most disappointing aspect of this entire fiasco with the
quality or reliability of the experimental studies with aspartame was the
failure of the Public Board of Inquiry (PBOI) to consider these aspects in
their deliberations. The PBOI expressly declined to do so even after the
principal objectors to the approval of aspartame for marketing, Mr. James
Turner and Dr. John Olney, asked for such consideration. To me it seems
almost beyond belief that a collection of scientists can sit on judgement
over the interpretations to be made on a set of results arising from
certain studies, not only failing to consider the adequacy of the conduct
of those studies but actually refusing to do so.
Given this sort of circumstance, it should not come as a surprise to
anyone that eventually the Commissioner of the FDA finally reapproved
aspartame for marketing even though his own panel of experts were divided
over the issue whether this particular food additive had been shown in a
reasonable manner to be safe.
As mentioned in the GAO report (page 12 there) "The Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act does not specifically define 'safety'. However, the
legislative history of the Food Additives Amendment indicates that safety
means ''proof of a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from the
proposed use of an additive'." It is intuitively clear to anyone that no
"reasonable certainty" can attach to any results emanating from studies as
profoundly flawed as the Commissioner of the FDA had determined in 1976 and
as amply reconfirmed since then.
This concludes my remarks on the quality or reliability of the
experimental studies with aspartame carried out by the GD Searle & Co. or
by the contractors working under the direction of that firm.
Since Mr. Wagoner of your Office has requested my comments in a very
short period of time, I am expediting this letter to you now; however, I
plan to send you in the very near future an additional communications where
two other issues are discussed in some detail:- the problem with the brain
tumors induced by aspartame and that the FDA's having set a very high
(and, to my view, clearly dangerous) level of Acceptable Daily Intake,
or ADI, for this particular food additive in the diet of humans.
Finally, I wish to state here that, quite aside from my professional
background as a scientist and speaking merely as an individual citizen, I
am grateful for the concern you have had over the safety of aspartame for
many years now; as such, I wish to thank you for having given me this
opportunity of being of some service to you. With best wishes for the
future, I remain, Senator Metzenbaum,
Sincerely yours,
M. Adrian Gross,
Senior Science Advisor,
Benefits and Use Division,
Office of Pesticide Programs
Sworn to be a true copy on 30 Oct, 1987.
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(Note: This letter is on EPA Stationary)
Senator Howard M. Metzenbaum, (Dated 3 November, 1987)
United States Senate,
140 Russell Senate Office Building,
Washington, DC, 20510
Dear Senator Metzenbaum,
The following represents a continuation of my letter to you of last
week, October the 30th, 1987. In that letter I discussed the many serious
problems with the quality or reliability of the experimental studies with
aspartame carried out by or for G.D. Searle & Co.; I noted there that in
1976, the FDA Commissioner at that time, Dr. Alexander Schmidt, speaking
for the FDA as an agency, publicly stated that he agreed with a set of
conclusions, the first of which was that the FDA had no basis for reliance
on the quality of studies generated by or for that firm.
Once such a determination is made at the highest level of the FDA, it
seems bizarre, to say the least, that essentially the same set of studies
could provide a foundation for the subsequent decision that those studies in
fact had demonstrated the safety of aspartame with "reasonable certainty"
as required the Food Additive Amendment of the Federal Food, Drugs, and
Cosmetics Act. As the television commercials for Weyerheauser, the
"tree-growing company", keep telling us:- "once the eagles are gone, they
are gone."
Much the same is true also for experimental or laboratory rats:- once
they are gone, no one can bring them back for an interview to ask them how
much, if any, aspartame or DKP they had ingested while the experimental
studies in which they had participated were in progress and, without such
essential information, examination of their preserved tissues by even the
most skillful and competent of pathologists becomes largely a meaningless
exercise which cannot in any way resurrect in Phoenix-like fashion the
value of those studies.
However, having said all of this, let us assume that in fact those
studies were of an acceptable quality; let us pretend that the test
animals were actually exposed qualitatively and quantitatively to what G. D.
Searle & Co. would have us believe that they were exposed; that there was
no post-mortem autolysis of their carcasses rendering vast numbers of their
tissues to a state unsuitable for pathology examination; that the
technicians involved in the conduct of those studies were fully trained,
competent, and adequately supervised to make observations on those animals
prior to their death; that the same was true with respect to the
observations made after their death; that in fact those technicians actu-
ally made proper such observations; that the proper samples of tissues with
grossly observed lesions were in fact collected for additional microscopic
examination; that the identity of such tissue specimens corresponded (as
they should) to the identity of each animal that was their source, etc. In
short, let us make believe in a spirit of Halloween that nothing which was
uncovered for the aspartame studies by the FDA investigations of 1975 and
1977 was actually true, i.e., that in fact we are dealing here with studies
of an absolutely perfect quality or reliability. Of course, such assump-
tions belong to the domain of Fantasyland, but, nevertheless, let us play
this little game for awhile.
Under such highly speculative hypothetical conditions, let us now ask
again whether aspartame can be viewed as being safe with "reasonable cer-
tainty".
To answer this question, let us focus for a moment on the pathology
examinations carried out not by the pathologist originally retained by
GD Searle & Co. (those of the Experimental Pathology Laboratories, or EPL)
who examined the tissues from the rats in the Two-Year Rat Study) but,
rather, on the examinations carried out by the expert pathologists in the
UAREP. Although in my last letter addressed to you last week I referred to
the investigative efforts of the UAREP as being "amateurish" by comparison
with those of the professional investigators in the FDA, I have no reason
to question or criticize in any way the competence of UAREP pathologists in
their own specialty where they had examined first-hand tissue specimens
said to gave been collected from the animals in that study.
The UAREP report (Volume 2, Chapter IV, dealing with that particular
study, reveals in Appendix IV-21 on its page 393 et seq. the animals which
were found by the UAREP pathologist to have harbored brain tumors:-
Group Sex Path.No Animal No. Type of brain tumor Weeks to death
1 M 64-603 83-651 Astrocytoma 104
2 M 64-775 83-745 Astrocytoma 104
3 M 64-764 83-837 Astrocytoma 76
4 M 64-707 83-919 Astrocytoma 104
M 64-712 83-888 Oligodendroglioma 59
M 64-713 83-892 Astrocytoma 49
M 64-715 83-895 Astrocytoma 100
5 M none
1 F none
2 F 64-989 83-769 Astrocytoma 104
65-011 83-766 Astrocytoma 69
3 F
4 F 64-925 83-934 Astrocytoma 85
5 F 64-881 84-010 Medulloblastoma/
meningeal sarcoma 13
64-888 84-019 Astrocytoma 67
Altogether the table just above lists a total of 12 animals with brain
tumors, 7 males and 5 females; for both sexes there are 1 in Group1, 3, in
Group 2, 1 in Group 3, 5 in Group 4, and 2 in Group 5 for a total of 12.
Note that the GAO report which refers to those animals at the bottom of its
page 45 is in error in that it lists 4 (rather than 3) animals with brain
tumors in Group 2 (the low dosage group). Because of this error, the GAO's
Figure 4.1 on page 46 of its report is somewhat misleading.
The GAO report also indicates under item (2) on its page 34:-
"According to UAREP's president at the time of its review"
"...the thing that impressed (UAREP) throughout the
study,... which is reflected in our final statements
and conclusions, was that the interpretations of the
experimental results by previous observers did not
really differ very significantly from ours following
our review of the material."
Yet, Appendix IV-25 beginning on page 446 of the UAREP report repre-
sents a 6-page table entitled "Significant Discrepancies Between Histo-
pathologic Diagnoses By UAREP and EPL", the last mentioned having been, as
stated above, the "previous observers", i.e., the pathologists originally
retained by GD Searle & Co. to examine those tissues and whose report was
submitted by that firm to the FDA in support of their petition to have
aspartame approved for marketing. In that table I have counted some 207
such "significant discrepancies" between the diagnoses of the UAREP and EPL
and these involve some 162 animals or 37% of all the 440 animals in that
study. This was not reported by the GAO representatives who apparently
were content with merely chatting with the UAREP president about his
reminiscences of some 10 years ago.
Moreover, that same UAREP report reveals in that very same Appendix
IV-25 as cited above for the 12 animals with brain tumors the characteri-
zations or diagnoses reached by the pathologists from the EPL:-
for animal No. 83-651 with an astrocytoma of the brain
EPL lists the brain as unremarkable;
for animal No. 83-745 with an astrocytoma of the brain
EPL lists no comparable diagnosis;
for animal No. 83-837 with an astrocytoma of the brain
EPL lists no comparable diagnosis;
for animal No. 83-919 with an astrocytoma of the brain
EPL lists no comparable diagnosis;
for animal No. 83-888 with an Oligodendroglioma of the brain
EPL lists no comparable diagnosis;
for animal No. 83-892 with an astrocytoma of the brain
EPL lists no comparable diagnosis;
for animal No. 83-895 with an astrocytoma of the brain
EPL lists no comparable diagnosis;
for animal No. 83-769 with an astrocytoma of the brain
EPL lists no comparable diagnosis;
for animal No. 83-766 with an astrocytoma of the brain
EPL lists no comparable diagnosis;
for animal No. 83-934 with an astrocytoma of the brain
EPL lists an ependymoma i.e., a different
kind of brain tumor;
for animal No. 84-010 with a Medulloblastoma/meningeal sarcoma of
the brain, EPL lists a meningioma i.e., a
tumor of the membranes covering the brain;
for animal No. 84-019 with an astrocytoma of the brain
there was no discrepancy in the EPL diagnosis.
In other words, for the 12 animals identified as having brain tumors
in this study by the UAREP pathologists, EPL pathologists (i.e., the "pre-
various observers" as the president of the UAREP has it) had completely
missed no less than 9 or 75% of these. Such difference between the
diagnoses of those two groups cannot by any stretch of the imagination be
interpreted by any reasonable person as being "not very significant" as
that same president of the UAREP is quoted by the GAO to have stated.
Incidentally, the GAO representatives themselves also failed in their
report to highlight this tremendous difference between the diagnoses of the
UAREP and EPL.
Furthermore, Appendix IV-20 on page 391 of that same UAREP report
reveals in the first row of the table on that specific page that GD Searle
& Co. or their agents had provided to the subcontracting EPL pathologists,
i.e., to those whose report that firm had originally submitted to the FDA:-
a) only 8 (or only 10%) of the brain sections for the 80 animals
in group 2;
b) only 7 (or only less then 9%) of the brain sections for the 80
animals in Group 3;
c) only 5 (or only less than 7%) of the brain sections for the 80
animals in Group 4;
and the UAREP were proved with the brain sections of 2 fewer animals than
were provided to the EPL. Again, this is another little wrinkle not high-
lighted in the GAO report.
This, quite by itself, is sufficiently eloquent on just how G.D.
Searle & Co. saw fit to discharge their responsibilities in reporting fully
and completely their results of the Two Year Rat Study with aspartame to
the FDA; it is just as eloquent on precisely how thoroughly the Bureau of
Foods of the FDA (the predecessor of the CFSAN) had reviewed the data
emanating from that study prior to its initial approval in 1974 for the
marketing of that food additive.
I note at the bottom of page 54 in the GAO report that CFSAN had
objected to the medulloblastoma that was noted in a female rat at the top
exposure level on the grounds that "it was unlikely aspartame caused this
tumor". Such statement would imply that aspartame had caused all the other
tumors (the nine astrocytomas and the solitary oligodendroglioma noted in
animals exposed to it) which is vastly more than enough to lead to a
conclusion that, because of this, it cannot be regarded as being a safe
food additive. The reason for such conclusion by the CFSAN appear in the
first paragraph of page 46 of the GAO report. As is also true for many of
the other arguments advanced by the CFSAN and by G.D. Searle & Co., those
reasons are largely speculative and without much merit. Still, to accom-
modate the CFSAN's views regardless of their validity, I am willing to
ignore the occurrence of that particular tumor in a female animal at the top
exposure level.
If we are to analyze the distribution of the rest of those brain
tumors, we ought ignore also the response of any animals at the top level
of exposure (Group 5) on the grounds that completing toxicity may well have
inhibited the expression of brain tumors in the animals of that group.
Accordingly we have for the male animals with brain tumors:-
in Group 1 i.e., at 0 mcm/kgm body-weight 1/59 = 1.69% positive rats;
in Group 2 i.e., at 1,000 mcm/kgm body-weight 1/36 = 2.78% positive rats;
in Group 3 i.e., at 2,000 mcm/kgm body-weight 1/40 = 2.50% positive rats;
in Group 4 i.e., at 4,000 mcm/kgm body-weight 4/40 = 10.00% positive rats;
This particular distribution yields a dose-response slope as high as
0.000,019,865 with standard error of only 0.000,009,729,2 leading to a chi
square with one degree of freedom for slope as high as 4.118, whose
one-sided probability is as low as p = 0.021,217; in other words, the
dose-dependent increase in frequency of brain tumors for the male rats
in that study was highly significant and, therefore, attributable to
aspartame, the agent on test.
That particular slope of the dose-response function yields the follo-
wing expected incidences of brain tumors amongst male animals:-
at 0 mcm/kgm body-weight - 0.867%
at 1,000 mcm/kgm body-weight - 2.854%
at 2,000 mcm/kgm body-weight - 4.840%
at 4,000 mcm/kgm body-weight - 8.813%
Note that the four expected values given just above are fairly close
to their respective observed values listed near the bottom of the preceding
page, which indicates a close fit of the observations to the dose-response
or regression function.
If we have reference to the animals of both sexes with brain tumors,
we have:-
in Group 1 i.e., at 0 mcm/kgm body-weight 1/118 = 0.847% positive rats;
in Group 2 i.e., at 1,000 mcm/kgm body-weight 3/ 76 = 3.948% positive rats;
in Group 3 i.e., at 2,000 mcm/kgm body-weight 1/ 80 = 1.250% positive rats;
in Group 4 i.e., at 4,000 mcm/kgm body-weight 5/ 80 = 6.250% positive rats;
This particular distribution yields a dose-response slope as high as
0.000,011,578 with a standard error of only 0.000,005,831,8 leading to a chi
square with one degree of freedom for slope almost as high as the one for
merely the male animals, 3.920, with one-sided probability almost as low as
that for merely the male animals, p = 0.023,860. The conclusion that
follows is identical with that reached above for merely the male animals.
The expected incidences for both sexes are:-
at 0 mcm/kgm body-weight - 1.006%
at 1,000 mcm/kgm body-weight - 2.164%
at 2,000 mcm/kgm body-weight - 3.322%
at 4,000 mcm/kgm body-weight - 5.638%
or, again, fairly close agreement to the observed values given just above.
Note that in the analyses outlined above I have not combined the
response noted at two or more experimental groups, as was done by the PBOI
and as objected to by the CFSAN.
If we now analyze the data in the same "uncombined" fashion, while
still excluding from consideration the medulloblastoma manifested by a
female in the top exposure level group, and even if we do consider the poor
response of the animals in the top exposure level group (which, as noted,
may have been due to competing toxicity interfering with the expression of
brain tumors), but consider the so-called "historical control" incidence of
brain tumors (49/59,812 cited by Dr. Olney in his table 2 on page 2 of Part
III of his written statement presented to the PBOI as well as the rate of
4/115 positive control animals noted by both the UAREP and EPL for the
Lifetime Toxicity study of aspartame in the rat - see UAREP report, Chapter
V, page 559) along with the contemporaneous (local) control rate of 1.118
positive animals of both sexes noted in the Two-Year aspartame study in the
rat, we end up with a total of 54/60,045 = 0.090% for the control inci-
dence for both sexes. The weighted averages of the exposure level in Group
5 animals was 7,420 mgm/kgm body-weight. Accordingly we would have:-
at 0 mcm/kgm body-weight - 54/60,045 = 0.090% rats with brain tumors;
at 1,000 mcm/kgm body-weight - 3/ 76 = 3.947% rats with brain tumors;
at 2,000 mcm/kgm body-weight - 1/ 80 = 1.250% rats with brain tumors;
at 4,000 mcm/kgm body-weight - 5/ 80 = 6.250% rats with brain tumors;
at 7,420 mcm/kgm body-weight - 1/ 77 = 1.299% rats with brain tumors;
This distribution yields a slope of dose-response function as high
as 0.000,005,297 with a standard error of only 0.000,000,423,4, leading to a
chi square with one degree of freedom for slope as high as 156 whose one-
sided probability is as low as 4.031E-36, i.e., 4 with 35 zeros ahead of it
and to the right of the decimal point. This is nothing short of astronomi-
cally high significance.
Alternatively, if one considers merely the contemporaneous or local
control value in the two-year rat study with aspartame, 1/118 = 0.85% ani-
mals positive for brain tumors, the response at the lowest level of expo-
sure, 1000 mgm/kgm body-weight, 3/76 = 3.95% animals similarly positive
for brain tumors, is elevated by comparison with that control rate more
than 4.5 times which is borderline significance at p = 0.058,674. The
response at the next to the highest level of exposure of 4,000 mgm/kgm
body-weight, 5/80 = 6.25% animals with brain tumors, is elevated more than
7.3 times over that same control rate of 0.85%, and this is highly signifi-
cant at the p = 0.009,975 probability level.
Finally in this entire consideration of significance for the brain
tumors, one could set up yet another sort of contrast by making believe
that all animals exposed to aspartame were in fact exposed to the highest
level tried, 7,420 mgm/kgm body-weight. This would extend a great deal of
the benefit of doubt to aspartame. that particular contrast of 0.090% the
control rate versus 10/313 = 3.195% for all exposed animals (still
excluding the medulloblastoma objected to by the CFSAN), leads to a chi
square adjusted for continuity and with one degree of freedom as high as
254 which is, again, of almost astronomical significance.
In other words, even if one is willing to give aspartame a very
generous benefit of doubt on the quality or reliability of the two-year
study in rats as well as several other considerable benefits of the doubt
involved in the test of significance, it still emerges that the rate of
brain tumors amongst the animals exposed to it vastly exceeds that for
animals not exposed to it and such excess is very highly significant. What
this says is that there cannot be any reasonable, or even shadow of a doubt
that aspartame had caused such an increase in the incidence of brain tumors.
It follows, therefore, that the conclusion of the PBOI and of several
members of the FDA Commissioner's panel of experts is the right conclusion,
and that reached by the CFSAN and by the FDA Commissioner who overturned
the PBOI view in this respect is the wrong conclusion.
As a result of all the considerations above, I would add my full
endorsement to the conclusion of the unidentified statistician mentioned in
paragraph 3 on page 56 of the GAO report who apparently reached the same
conclusion as I did in an independent manner.
I would also support the views of the similarly unidentified
carcinogenicity specialist mentioned in paragraph 2. of that same page in
the GAO report who felt that the relatively high exposure rates in the two-
year rat study with aspartame were a necessary compensation for the relati-
vely low power of this study to detect as significant increases as high as
5% in the brain tumor rate for humans exposed to aspartame, which would
constitute a downright catastrophe.
The Acceptable daily Intake (ADI) of aspartame.
Still under the hypothetical assumption that these experimental stu-
dies were of an impeccable quality, let us now turn to a different aspect of
the interpretation of results arising from them.
Near the bottom of page 60 of the GAO report it is disclosed that the
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of aspartame was raised from 20 mgm/kgm body-
weight to 50 mgm/kgm body-weight after aspartame was approved for use in
carbonated beverages and after it became evident to the FDA that very young
children could potentially consume almost 50 mgm/kgm body-weight of it per
day.
It appears that the justification for such sudden and considerable in-
crease of 150% in the ADI for aspartame was provided by the results of five
clinical studies as well as five other studies published in the literature;
however, it is unclear from the GAO report whether any of those studies
were of a long duration (such as a major part of the life-span) -
clearly, such studies conducted with humans could not possibly have been of
this nature.
To examine whether an ADI of 50 mgm/kgm body-weight can be justifiably
regarded as "safe", let us return to the issue of the brain tumors and
conduct for these a formal Risk Assessment. Although it has been esta-
blished here that the incidence of brain tumors in rats was highly signifi-
cantly related to the dosage of aspartame in the two-year rat study (and,
therefore, that aspartame had cause that increase in incidence of brain
tumors amongst exposed animals by reference to the rate noted in comparable
unexposed ones) such determination of high significance is in fact not a
necessary requirement for a formal risk assessment.
I have carried out such risk assessment by utilizing two separate pro-
cedures which are widely accepted for this purpose:- the Mantel-Bryan ap-
proach (also known as the log-probit method) and the Hone Hit method of
extrapolation.
To extend again the benefit of doubt to aspartame, I have had refe-
rence in such assessment to the control rate of brain tumors noted merely
in the local or contemporaneous control animals (1/118 = 0.847%) rather
then to the almost ten times lower rate of the "expanded" control group
discussed in the previous section here (54/60.045 = 0.090%); also, I have
assumed all non-control rats to have been exposed at the top levels
of exposure (7,420 mgm/kgm body-weight) rather then to a series of levels
starting at merely 1,000 mgm/kgm body-weight; I have also excluded from
consideration the medulloblastoma observed for Animal No. 84-010, but have
not excluded the response of any other animal in that study. Each of these
features, as mentioned, provides the benefit of doubt to aspartame, i.e.,
to its "producers" as distinct from its "consumers".
With such additional assumptions, we may tabulate the estimated
"virtually safe" levels of aspartame in the mgm/kgm body-weight/day for a
variety of upper limits on the risk indicated in the column at the extreme
left of the table that follows here .
Note that for each of the two methods of extrapolation, two estimates
are given in the table opposite each upper limit on the risk:- on for rats
and one for humans. The estimate for the humans is related to the
corresponding one for rats by being 5.23 time smaller then it. This
is the factor necessary for "translation" from rats to humans by correcting
for the body-area of the two species:- due to its larger size, the human
has a body-area per unit mass smaller than does the rat:-
An average male rat in the study considered here weighed 506 Gms., and
an average female rat 331 Gms., for a mean weight of 418.5 for the two
sexes. This a human of average weight of 60 Kgms., say, is "worth" on a
mass or weight basis 60,000/418.5 = 143.37 rats of average weight. But
that same human weighing 60 Kgms is worth on a body-area basis only the
two-thirds power of 143.37 i.e., only 27 .39 such rats. Thus, to have
equivalence for doses expressed in mgm/kgms body-weight rats and
humans, the dosage for the rats must be divided by the one-third power of
143.37, i.e., by 5.23. Hence the factor used in the table that follows.
RESULTS EMANATING FROM THE FORMAL RISK ASSESSMENT
INVOLVING BRAIN TUMORS
"virtually safe" level of aspartame in mgm/kgm bw/day
Log probit method One Hit method
Upper limit on risk for rats for humans for rats for humans
1/100,000,000 0.700 0.134 0.001,278 0.000,244
5/100,000,000 1.349 0.258 0.006,392 0.001,22
1/ 10,000,000 1.809 0.346 0.012,78 0.002,44
5/ 10,000,000 3.674 0.702 0.063,92 0.012,2
1/ 1,000,000 5.050 0.966 0.127,8 0.024,,4
5/ 1,000,000 10.95 2.09 0.639,2 0.122,0
1/ 100,000 15.55 2.97 1.278 0.244
5/ 100,000 36.81 7.04 6.392 1.22
1/ 10,000 54.63 10.45 12.78 2.44
5/ 10,000 146.5 28.01 63.93 12.2
1/ 1,000 232.3 44.42 127.9 24.5
5/ 1,000 759.1 145.2 640.8 123.0
It turns out from the entries in the table just above that an ADI of
50 mgm/kgm body-weight for humans is associated by both methods of extrapo-
lation with an upper limit on the risk as high as between 1/1,000 and
5/1,000 population exposed to aspartame to develop brain tumors as a result
of exposure to that food additive. For this to actually become evident, it
would take many years since such tumors have a very long latent period,
i.e., it takes a long time for them to become manifest. Thus, it seems to
me that we are dealing here with a huge time bomb.
There is hardly any need for me to emphasize here that this represents
an unacceptably high risk or hazard posed by aspartame.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
From what has been discussed in my letter addressed to you last week
as well as from what has been presented in the previous pages of this com-
munication, I can conclude the following:-
1. It is impossible for anyone to appreciate just how a determination
by the FDA that the G.D. Searle & Co. experimental studies with aspartame
were of an unacceptable quality in 1976 can be metamorphosed several years
later into a view by that same Agency that essentially the same studies
were sufficiently reliable for anyone to assess that this food additive is
"reasonably certain" to be safe for consumption by humans.
2. Even if, contrary to the FDA's view in 1976, the quality of the
conduct of those studies could be relied upon by the same agency to even
begin making such a determination, at least one of those studies had
reveled a highly significantly dose-related increase in the incidence of
brain tumors as a result of exposure to aspartame.
The full incidence of those brain tumors was not disclosed by G.D.
Searle & Co. to the FDA prior to the initial approval for the marketing of
aspartame in 1974; moreover, the review of that study in the FDA was so
flawed that the Agency apparently did not even realize tat that time that
only a portion of the observations on brain tumors had in fact been submit-
ted by G.D. Searle & Co. in their petition for that approval.
3. Quite aside from the remarkable significance of the increased
incidence with dose of those brain tumors, the ADI of 50 mgm/kgm body-
weight recently set by the FDA for the human consumption of aspartame is
alarmingly dangerous in that it involves an extremely high and, therefore,
a totally unacceptable upper limit on the risk for those consuming aspar-
tame: between 1/1,000 and 5/1,000 population to develop brain tumors as a
result of such exposure.
4. Although in their report the GAO express the view that the FDA
"followed its required process in approving aspartame (for marketing)" I
would sharply disagree with such evaluation. Although the FDA may have
gone through the motions or it may have given the appearance of such a
process being in place here, the people of this country expect and require
a great deal more from that agency charged with protecting their public
health:- in addition to mere facade or window-dressing on the part of the
FDA, they require a thorough and scientifically based evaluation by the
Agency on the safety of the products it regulates.
Unfortunately this has clearly not been the case here. And
without this kind of assurance, any such "process: or dance represents no
more than a farce and a mockery of what is truly required.
Sincerely yours
M. Adrian Gross,
Senior Science Advisor,
Benefits and Use Division,
Office of Pesticide Programs
Sworn to be a true copy on 3 November, 1987.
Tuesday, May 26, 2015
Aspartame Chronicles: Dr. Gross 1976 DHHS/FDA memo to Dr. Sharp on irregular proposal Dr. Gross 1987 Oct. Letter (reply) to Senator Metzenbaum Dr. Gross 1987 Nov. Letter (follow-up) to Senator Metzenbaum
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