World War I: The Christmas Truce of 1914
By Kennedy Hickman, About.com Guide
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French troops prepare for Christmas dinner in 1914.
Photograph Source: Public Domain
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Christmas Truce - Conflict:
The 1914 Christmas Truce occurred during the first year of World War I (1914-1918).
Christmas Truce - Date:
Occurring
on December 24-25, 1914, Christmas Eve and Day, the Christmas Truce saw
a temporary halt to the fighting on parts of the Western Front. In some
areas, the truce lasted until New Year's Day.
The Christmas Truce - Peace on the Front:
One
of the mythic events of World War I, the 1914 Christmas Truce began on
Christmas Eve along the British and German lines around Ypres, Belgium.
While it took hold in some areas manned by the French and Belgians, it
was not as widespread as these nations viewed the Germans as invaders.
Along the 27 miles of front manned by the British Expeditionary Force,
Christmas Eve 1914 began as a normal day with firing on both sides.
While in some areas firing began to slacken through the afternoon, in
others it continued at its regular pace.
This impulse
to celebrate the holiday season amid the landscape of war has been
traced to several theories. Among these was the fact that the war was
only four months old and the level of animosity between the ranks was
not as high as it would be later in the war. This was complimented by
sense of shared discomfort as the early trenches lacked amenities and
were prone to flooding. Also, the landscape, aside from the newly dug
trenches, still appeared relatively normal, with fields and intact
villages all of which contributed to introducing a degree of
civilization to the proceedings.
Private Mullard of the
London Rifle Brigade wrote home, "we heard a band in the German
trenches, but our artillery spoilt the effect by dropping a couple of
shells right in the centre of them." Despite this, Mullard was
surprised at sunset to see, "trees stuck on top of the [German]
trenches, lit up with candles, and all of the men sitting on top of the
trenches. So of course we got out of ours and passed a few remarks,
inviting each other to come over and have a drink and a smoke, but we
did not like to trust each other at first (Weintraub, 76)."
The
initial force behind the Christmas Truce came from the Germans. In
most cases, this began with the singing of carols and the appearance of
Christmas trees along the trenches. Curious, Allied troops, who had
been inundated with propaganda depicting the Germans as barbarians,
began to join in the singing which led to both sides reaching out to
communicate. From these first hesitant contacts informal ceasefires
were arranged between units. As the lines in many places were only
30-70 yards apart, some fraternization between individuals had taken
place prior to Christmas, but never on a large scale.
For
the most part, both sides returned to their trenches later on Christmas
Eve. The following morning, Christmas was celebrated in full, with men
visiting across the lines and gifts of food and tobacco being
exchanged. In several places, games of soccer were organized, though
these tended to be mass "kick abouts" rather than formal matches.
Private Ernie Williams of the 6th Cheshires reported, "I should think
there were about a couple of hundred taking part...There was no sort of
ill-will between us (Weintraub, 81)." Amid the music and sports, both
sides frequently joined together for large Christmas dinners.
While
the lower ranks were celebrating in the trenches, the high commands
were both livid and concerned. General Sir John French, commanding the
BEF, issued stern orders against fraternizing with the enemy. For the
Germans, whose army possessed a long history of intense discipline, the
outbreak of popular will among their soldiery was cause for worry and
most stories of the truce were suppressed back in Germany. Though a
hard line was taken officially, many generals took a relaxed approach
seeing the truce as an opportunity to improve and re-supply their
trenches, as well as scout out the enemy's position.
The Chirstmas Truce - Back to Fighting:
For
the most part, the Christmas Truce only lasted for Christmas Eve and
Day, though in some areas it was extended through Boxing Day and New
Year's. As it ended, both sides decided on signals for the
recommencement of hostilities. Reluctantly returning to war, the bonds
forged at Christmas slowly eroded as units rotated out and the fighting
became more ferocious. The truce had largely worked due to a mutual
feeling that the war would be decided at another place and time, mostly
likely by someone else. As the war went on, the events of Christmas
1914 became increasing surreal to those who had not been there.
Selected Sources
- Weintraub, Stanley. "The Christmas Truce." Military History Quarterly Vol. 5, No. 2 (Winter 1993) 76-85.
- First World War: Christmas Truce
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