Chapter 39 The Ruling Elite: The Indian Massacre and Removal in Colorado by Deanna Spingola

 

The Indian Massacre and Removal in Colorado

A cholera epidemic decimated the Cheyennes after 1849, the source of which was the emigrants on the Oregon Trail. Hundreds of Indians perished. Smallpox and cholera allegedly resulted from commerce between Indians and Euro-Americans.[1831] Other groups of emigrants arrived in Colorado because of the Pike’s Peak gold Rush, also known as the Colorado Gold Rush that began in July 1858. The founding of Denver in November 1858 forced the relocation of the Cheyennes from their prime buffalo ranges. By spring 1859, tens of thousands of gold seekers arrived.[1832] Gold discovery on Indian lands brought “a greedy population thirsting for gold.” On February 18, 1861, government officials imposed The Treaty of Fort Wise upon the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Arapaho Indian tribes. The U.S. government, through this treaty, compelled the Indians to move from their land, a huge range, filled with game, to an area one-thirteenth the size of their former reserve, a small triangular tract, designated as the Sand Creek Reservation.[1833]

On July 26, 1861, officials appointed Major Samuel G. Colley, at Fort Lyon, as an Indian agent for the Upper Arkansas Agency, which served the Indians in eastern Colorado and western Kansas, the Cheyennes and the Arapahos.[1834] Colley had been a gold prospector and politician before his conflict-of- interest appointment as an Indian agent. He and his son Dexter, a trader, had swindled the Indians for years. Colley had diverted the Indian’s annuity goods to his son who then sold them back to the Indians. By 1863, the tribes were starving and suffering with malnutrition-related diseases. The buffalo herds, their main food source, were at least 200 miles away. Therefore, the desperate Indians began attacking and robbing wagon trains, only seeking food, not to harm the travelers.[1835] Colley, decidedly indifferent, said, “I now think that a little powder and lead is the best food for them.”[1836]

Colorado Governor John Evans (1862-1865), a medical doctor, while living in Chicago, studied the cholera epidemic of 1848-1849 and then helped to develop Congressional quarantine laws. He taught at Rush Medical College and was one of the founders of Northwestern University and Evanston, Illinois, which people named in his honor. Evans, a dedicated Freemason, grew wealthy from his investments in the Chicago & Fort Wayne and the Chicago & Evanston Railroads. His wealth helped him to influence politics. He founded the Illinois Republican Party, ran for Congress and was a personal friend of Lincoln, who appointed him as the second governor of the Colorado Territory on March 31, 1862 in order to save the Colorado Territory for the Union. Evans discovered, upon arrival in Denver, that many Freemasons opposed the Union. Therefore, he organized the Union Lodge to support the Union.[1837]

On April 11, 1864, W. D. Ripley, a rancher, arrived at Camp Sanborn complaining that the Indians had driven some stock from his ranch on the Bijou Creek, a claim that

individuals never verified. He also reported that the Indians were taking down telegraph lines and driving the animals off their ranches.[1838] The ranchers regularly blamed the Indians whenever cattle or horses strayed from local ranches. Lieutenant Clark Dunn took forty men, along with Ripley, and went out to reclaim stock and in the process, disarm the Indians. A few Indians were in possession of some horses, which the Indians said they had found. They willingly turned the animals over to Ripley but somehow a scuffle ensued and two soldiers were killed and as many as a dozen Indians. This incident necessitated a war, as the Colorado authorities viewed it. State officials called for volunteers to wage war against the Indians. Governor Evans “had advocated war with the Plains Indians from the time he took office.”[1839]

Major Jacob Downing, originally from Albany, New York, went to Camp Sanborn to devise a war strategy. On April 18, 1864, there was a rumor that Cheyennes had driven a family from a ranch on the South Platte. Downing took about sixty men and went along the river for at least fifty miles but saw no abandoned ranch and no homeless settlers. He returned to Camp Sanborn, gathered forty men and proceeded to find a Cheyenne village at Cedar Canyon. He described it later, “We commenced shooting. I ordered the men to commence killing them...I burnt up their lodges and everything I could get hold of...

We captured about one hundred head of stock, which was distributed among the boys.” The likelihood of plunder probably motivated the “boys” to wage inequitable war against the Indians and might even make them initiate the disturbance just to collect the spoils.[1840]

Governor Evans appointed Reverend John M. Chivington, an anti-slavery Methodist Minister as Colonel of the Colorado Volunteers. Major Edward Wynkoop, of the First Colorado Volunteer Cavalry, took command of Fort Lyon on May 9, 1864 and established a second base at Camp Wynkoop, sixty miles down the Arkansas River. Wynkoop asked for instructions from Colonel Chivington and in a dispatch dated May 31, 1864; Chivington told him “The Cheyenne will have to be soundly whipped before they will be quiet. If any of them are caught in your vicinity kill them, as that is the only way.”[1841] Chivington, the former Christian minister, told his soldiers to “kill all their squaws and papooses.” In a speech in Denver, he advocated the scalping of infants.[1842] He directed his troops to “kill and scalp all, little and big, Nits make lice.”[1843]

On June 24, 1864, Evans issued a notice demanding that Plains Indians report to specific forts to “avoid being killed by Mistake” – Fort Lyon, Fort Larned, Camp Collins or Fort Laramie. Evans supported the government’s concentration policy regarding the Indians. He claimed that the concentration policy was to protect friendly Indians from falling victim to soldiers who might mistake them as hostile. Of course, it was up to the soldier to discriminate between a hostile and a non-hostile Indian.[1844] He declared, “Any man who kills a hostile Indian is a patriot!”[1845]

On August 11, 1864, Evans declared Martial Law and ordered all able-bodied men to take up arms against hostile Indians in the protection of their homes and families – “kill and destroy as enemies of the country, wherever they may be found, all such hostile Indians.” The implications were that the residents were not to kill friendly Indians. However, residents found it easier to shoot first without regard to the Indian’s intentions. The War Department authorized a militia force to serve exclusively for the slaughter of Indians. Lincoln paid little attention to what was going on in Colorado but rather left it to his trusty old friend while he put his efforts into his reelection campaign.[1846] Citizens could hunt down and kill all hostile Indians. Every Indian was “at the mercy of any revengeful emigrant” who had ever encountered any hostile Indian. It authorized any man to shoot any Indian and seize his pony or any other property as a lawful prize.[1847]

After a brutal six-month war, Wynkoop extended peace and invited the Indians to move closer to Fort

Lyon. He promised them protection. He was suddenly relieved of his command. However, based on those

promises, friendly Indians moved to Sand Creek, with every assurance of peace. Major Scott Anthony, a

Freemason and former gold prospector in California, took command of Fort Lyon on November 2, 1864.

He told the Indians he did not have the authority to make peace with them. There were 652 Arapahos

within a mile of the post in addition to the Cheyennes camped on Sand Creek, about forty miles north of

Fort Lyon. He told them they could stay if they relinquished their arms and surrendered as prisoners of

war. They agreed and handed over some old worthless arms. He fed the starving Arapahos for about ten

days, and then told them he could no longer feed them, returned their guns and told them to go hunt buffalo.

[1848]

Colonel Chivington conducted the bloody Sand Creek Massacre against the Indians in the cold early morning hours on November 29, 1864. About 600 Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, more than two-thirds of them women and children, were camped at Sand Creek, under a U.S. flag, given to Black Kettle, a Cheyenne chief, by Lincoln in 1863 when they met in Washington.[1849] Two months before, Black Kettle told Evans, “I want you to give all these chiefs of the soldiers here to understand that we are at peace, and that we have made peace, that we may not be mistaken for enemies.”

Chivington’s troops slaughtered at least 130 Cheyenne, many of them women and children. Then the

“gallant” Colonel Chivington returned to Denver to a hero’s welcome. Evans decorated him and his men for their valor. For political reasons, Denver citizens had “been led to believe the Indian menace to be far greater than it actually was” and were jubilant over the “glorious victory.”[1850]

Major Wynkoop and Lt. Colonel Samuel Tappan pressured Congress to investigate the Sand Creek incident, as they viewed it as a massacre. Captain Soule and Lt. Joseph Cramer had defied Chivington’s orders and refused to attack the Indian’s camp. Soule gave damning evidence against Chivington and was murdered shortly thereafter on April 23, 1865. Agent Colley testified before a commission that the Cheyenne and the Arapaho settled at Sand Creek at Governor Evans’s invitation.[1851] After all, if people slaughtered all of the Indians, Colley would not be able to fleece them.

On April 26, 1865, Congress questioned Colonel Chivington who testified that he had 750 well-equipped troops under his command, in addition to four 12-pound mountain howitzers. He stated there were about 1,100 or 1,200 Indians, 700 of whom were warriors. He admitted that it was a surprise, sunrise attack. He said, “To oppose my troops... (They) were soon fighting desperately.” He surmised that his group had killed as many as 500 or 600 warriors. He claimed he did not know how many women and children had lost their lives. He lost seven men with forty-seven wounded. He stated, “I saw but one woman who had been killed, and one who had hanged herself. I saw no dead children.” Chivington’s men stole 600 horses, mules, and ponies and about 100 buffalo robes.[1852] Contrary to his testimony, many of the men were away on a buffalo hunt.[1853]

Congressional conclusions regarding Sand Creek were very unpopular in Colorado and elsewhere. On July 18, 1865, President Andrew Johnson asked Evans to resign. Evans, to maintain his tough reputation against the “enemies” in Colorado, wrote a rebuttal to their report dated August 6, 1865. He continued to chair the Denver Seminary Board of Trustees.[1854] In 1865, further investigations of the Joint Special Committee of Congress revealed that both citizens and military troops participated in the massacre. Despite this, there was no disciplinary action. By mid-1865, the whites had completely driven the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes from Colorado.[1855]

After the Sand Creek Massacre, Evans focused on the development of Colorado’s railroads. He envisioned Denver as the future hub of the railroad industry and the capitol of the Rocky Mountain Empire. He obtained federal land grants and county bonds to construct a Union Pacific line from Cheyenne to Denver, which opened on June 24, 1870. He was the principle financier of Denver’s railroad empire, with lines into the Colorado mining district. He later sold the line to Jay Gould.[1856]

Years later, Theodore Roosevelt defended the army’s massacre of the Cheyennes as “on the whole as righteous and beneficial a deed as ever took place on the frontier.” He conceded “certain most objectionable details,” without indicating that those details included the indiscriminate slaughter of men, women, and children, whose chief, Black Kettle, was flying a white flag.[1857]

Neutrality = Death

Opothleyahola and the Refugees

On March 4, 1861, the Confederate Congress adopted a resolution introduced by Secretary of State Robert Toombs, a Freemason from Georgia. This resolution authorized President Jefferson Davis to appoint a special agent to the Indian tribes west of the state of Arkansas.[1858] President Davis, a Freemason, selected Albert Pike for that important mission.[1859] Secretary Toombs and Pike were friends and fellow Masons.[1860] Pike acted under the direction of the State Department as he regularly reported to Secretary Toombs about Indian affairs until July 1861 when he resigned to become a general in the Confederate Army.[1861]

Now that it appeared advantageous to the white agenda, a friendly alliance with the Indians was strategically fundamental. On March 15, 1861, The Provisional Congress established the Bureau of Indian Affairs, under the direction of the War Department. President Davis appointed David Hubbard as Commissioner of Indian affairs.[1862] The Confederacy outlined their Indian policies in An act for the protectionofcertainIndiantribes,passedbytheProvisionalCongressonMay17,1861.[1863] Davissenta copy to Pike to serve as a blueprint for negotiating with the Indians. Apparently, there are no extant copies of that document available.[1864] On March 15, 1861, the Confederacy established the Bureau of Indian Affairs and with the exception of Cherokee Chief John Ross made alliance treaties with most of the tribes in order to expand their territory and control the Indians. In 1838, Chief Ross had led his people from Georgia, known as the infamous “trail of tears” to Indian Territory, comprising present-day Oklahoma. Opportunists had used their government connections to forcibly relocate over sixty tribes into this inauspicious territory.[1865]

To garner Indian support, some Southerners claimed that Lincoln would invade the Indian Territory. That was not an unreasonable claim considering their numerous negative experiences with federal land seizures. The Union planned to physically withdraw from low priority Indian Territory and take all of the resources that the Indians depended upon. On April 12, 1861, the day the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter, Senator elect Pomeroy, from Kansas persuaded Commissioner William P. Dole to meet the government’s financial treaty obligations in some other way instead of abandoning the Indians without any

essential goods. Agent John Crawford, a secessionist sympathizer, urged Dole to take quick action. The Indians, without supplies from the Union, would need assistance.[1866]

The Five Civilized Tribes, the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles, and other Indian tribes living in the Indian Territory should have been a greater concern to the Northerners who were contemplating an invasion of the South. Geography in wartime is crucial and that area, depending on which side controlled it, they could utilize it as a base from which to attack.[1867] Lincoln, more concerned about the Border States and Washington, abandoned military posts there on May 18, 1861, leaving the tribes hungry and with no alternative but to join the South. On May 17, 1861, the South annexed the Indian Territory. The Chickasaws joined the South on May 25, 1861. By August 21, 1861 Chief Ross, who saw the Lincoln administration as guilty of crimes against the Constitution and humanity, considered joining the Confederacy.[1868] Chief Ross, initially neutral, finally signed a treaty with the Confederacy on October 9, 1861.

Many Indians had divided loyalties. The Cherokees had even adopted the slave-holding culture. By 1860, the Cherokee elite, 10% of the tribe, owned about 4,000 slaves.[1869] Additionally, they had a long-standing animosity toward the federal government. Many preferred neutrality and rallied under the leadership of Creek Chief Opothleyahola. Some Confederate military, like General Douglas Cooper and Colonel James McIntosh “equated Indian neutrality with hostile opposition.”[1870]

Pike’s main objective was to add the Indian Territory to the Confederacy. He was not concerned for the welfare of the Indian occupants. He wanted them for a home guard and nothing more. He initially recommended the use of Indians in offensive guerrilla actions in order to secure their territory. Otherwise, he was not interested in using them outside of Indian Territory.[1871] On November 22, 1861, the Confederacy appointed Pike as the Commander of the Department of Indian Territory, a separate military department with headquarters near the junction of the Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers, not far from Fort Gibson. The Confederacy constructed barracks, a commissary and stables for what they generally called Fort Davis.[1872] On December 3, 1861, Lincoln announced to Congress, “The Indian country south of Kansas is now in possession of insurgents,” the southern residents of America.

Opothleyahola and the Refugees

Colonel Douglas Cooper, commanding Confederate forces in Indian Territory wanted all the tribes, the Choctaw-Chickasaw and Creek-Seminole, to join him in a campaign against the Union on Little River. Chief Opothleyahola was adamantly neutral and opposed Cooper and his military plan. He counseled the other tribes to stay out of the white man’s war and remain neutral. According to Colonel Cooper, Opothleyahola and his people would either submit or be driven out of the territory at gunpoint. Opothleyahola, who knew of Cooper’s intentions to assault his people, broke camp and intended to lead his people towards Kansas.[1873]

In late November 1861, Cooper caught up with Opothleyahola’s refugees at Round Mountain northwest of Tulsa. He charged their camp but Opothleyahola’s men ambushed the attack and the tribe broke camp and headed north. John Drew’s Keetoowah regiment joined Cooper in his pursuit. On December 9, 1861, the night before another assault on Opothleyahola’s tribe, four hundred Keetoowahs, not wanting to be a part of this slaughter, deserted to Opothleyahola’s tribe. The next day, the battle was fierce. Both sides halted their battle. Cooper, short of supplies, returned to Fort Gibson, where he met Colonel James McIntosh who had 1,400 battle-hardened Indian-hating veterans looking for a fight. Opothleyahola and his tribe continued towards Kansas.[1874]

The Cherokee, Creek and Seminole full bloods preferred neutrality. Late in 1861, Opothleyahola encouraged those who favored neutrality to join him at his camp, Deep Fork. The Confederate Indian

forces attempted to subdue this group. The Neutrals were moving north towards Kansas and after a couple of battles, were low on ammunition. Opothleyahola appealed directly to Lincoln. On December 26, 1861, the Confederates led by Colonel McIntosh defeated them at the devastating Battle of Chustenahlah at Shoal Creek (near Skiatook, Oklahoma) and took most of their wagons, supplies, and livestock. Opothleyahola and the survivors fled on foot.[1875] The Confederates followed, shooting them in the back and slashing them with sabers. Finally, harsh winds and freezing temperatures forced the Confederates to retreat.[1876] The desperate Indians, who faced immediate death at the hands of the Confederates if they turned back, continued to flee, besieged by the elements, yet still attempting and hoping to survive.

Old people, children and newborn babies died. A few persistent Confederates, focused on death and destruction, killed warriors who were attempting to defend their families. The dispirited, starving refugees moved north, a trail of blood, human bodies and starved dead ponies in their wake. By January 1862, the survivors, only wishing to maintain neutral in a white man’s battle, still struggled towards Kansas.[1877]

They had lost everything except the clothes on their back. They were desperate, starving and suffering terribly. The Union Army in Kansas was unprepared to handle these Indian refugees.[1878] It was the coldest winter the Indians had ever experienced. They trudged through snow-covered, desolate prairie for 300 miles.[1879] They fled up the valley of the Verdigris River and entered Kansas near Walnut Creek. Stragglers crossed the Cherokee Strip and the Osage Reservation heading northeast and ultimately camped on the edge of the New York Indian Lands adjacent to the Fall River, about sixty miles west of Humboldt.[1880] Many were now naked or in rags. Many of the women and children, the most vulnerable, had frozen blackened limbs. Opothleyahola, who fought so tirelessly for his people, collapsed and died a short time after the tribe’s arrival in Kansas. The courageous chief’s arduous task was finished.[1881]

Thus, some of the first battles of Lincoln’s War occurred in Indian Territory, in November and December of 1861. Troops fought other campaigns, in 1862 and 1863, against the Indians. Union troops captured Fort Smith (in modern-day Arkansas) on September 1, 1863, which ended the war against the Indians residing in the Indian Territory.[1882] Indians defected from the Confederacy and joined the Kansas refugees. The Indians who had initially joined the Confederate Army recognized they had more in common with Opothleyahola than with the slaveholding planters. After the Battle of Pea Ridge, on March 7-8, 1862, the Confederacy disbanded the Cherokee regiment.[1883]

The Indian Plight in Kansas

In December 1861 when thousands of Indian refugees were crossing from Indian Territory into Kansas, Lincoln’s administration apparently had to consider retaking Indian Territory. White residents in Kansas strongly objected to additional Indians in the state. If Lincoln retook the Indian Territory, he could relocate the Indian refugees back to their homes. They could be soldiers in retaking their territory.[1884]

General David Hunter, Commander of the Western Department of the Union Army had responsibility for the desperate refugees. Even before they arrived in Kansas, buffalo hunters from the Sac and Fox Nations near Osage County, Kansas, sent word of their tragic plight. William G. Coffin, Federal Southern Superintendent, persuaded General Hunter to send assistance to the refugees. Coffin directed federal agents in his charge to gather at Fort Roe, Kansas to assist them.[1885] There were hardly any white people, just squatters, in the Verdigris Valley close to Fort Roe. The military made the area into a concentration camp but failed to take precautions to maintain hygienic conditions. The emaciated, sick, disheartened surviving refugees had little chance to maintain personal cleanliness in their wretched circumstances.[1886]

General Hunter sent Captain John W. Turner, Chief Commissary of Subsistence, and Dr. A. B. Campbell, Surgeon United States Army, to the Fall River refugee encampment to assist them. However, Hunter’s

meager resources were wholly inadequate. A few substandard blankets and condemned army tents hardly sufficed. Campbell claimed that the army’s help consisted of thirty-five blankets, forty pairs of socks, and a few underclothes. He said he “selected the nakedest of the naked” and gave them what he had. He then attempted to explain to hundreds of destitute souls that there was to be nothing left for them, some of whom had not “one thread upon their body.”[1887]

When Dr. Campbell arrived at the end of January, he discovered the Indians in such a deplorable condition that he did not have words to describe it. Prairie grasses and whatever clothing that remained were their only protection against the snow and cold. They needed immediate medical attention for “inflammatory diseases of the chest, throat, and eyes.” Without shoes or moccasins – their feet were injured and many had their toes “frozen off.” At least 200 horses, dead from starvation, lay where they fell throughout the camp. The Indian’s major source of food was from Fort Leavenworth, food the military had previously rejected because of spoilage. Government-supplied food, condemned as unfit for human consumption immediately sickened the starving Indians when they ate it. On February 15, 1862, the army arbitrarily withheld all supplies. The starving refugees were now dependent on the insufficient Southern Superintendency. The inefficiencies of the Indian agency and attitude of the federal government toward the indigenous population, supported by many constituents, were tragically evident during this situation.[1888]

Superintendent William G. Coffin estimated that there were from 10,000 to 16,000 refugees. Finally, in March, the Indian Office provided some aid and Congress, complaining about the costs of providing assistance for part of the Indians, 7,600 Indians, introduced a Removal Bill. The Indians wanted to return to their homes with the assistance of the Union Army.[1889]

On April 12, 1862, Superintendent Coffin gave a report from Leroy, Coffey County, Kansas as published in the New York Times on April 27. He noted that the Indians were beginning to recover but still suffered from measles, diphtheria, bone fever and rheumatism. He ridiculed the Indian’s medicinal use of roots and herbs when he said, “You might as well argue with the leopard to get him to change his spots, as to attempt to get them to leave off so ridiculous an absurdity.”[1890]

Officials with the Office of Indian Affairs sent George Collamore, an investigator in late April 1862 to investigate the condition of the Indian refugees in Kansas. The people were using whatever “pieces of cloth” or “old quilts,” whatever they could find to stretch on sticks “to cover the emaciated and dying forms beneath them.” He found Opothleyahola’s daughter near death. Frostbite was severe – Collamore, as described by Author David Williams, tells of one little Creek boy, about eight years old who had lost both feet near the ankle. Doctors had to perform at least 100 amputations. Food was as scarce as shelter. A weekly ration for one refugee consisted of a pound of flour, a little salt and a rancid piece of bacon, previously condemned at Fort Leavenworth as unsuitable. The destitute refugees became violently ill when they attempted to eat it.[1891]

The situation in Kansas had not changed by September 1862. Lincoln, embittered by the Cherokee’s aid to the Confederacy, agreed to meet with Chief Ross on September 12, 1862. Chief Ross attempted to explain the predicament – they had no choice as the Union had withdrawn all protection and had violated treaty obligations. Ross reminded Lincoln that his people rejoined the North when it became feasible. On September 25, 1862, Lincoln wrote a non-committal letter to Ross, essentially promising nothing despite Caleb Smith’s recommendations. Smith felt that Ross’ complaints were justified.[1892]

Indian Commissioner William P. Dole managed to get Dr. William Kile, a former business partner, the position of special purchasing agent to secure supplies for the refugees. Upon visiting the encampment from the New York Indian Lands to the Verdigris River, he corroborated the reports of the Indian’s relentless suffering. Despite circumstances, nepotism was always evident – Dole, Coffin and the others associated with the Bureau of Indian Affairs made certain to employ as many of their friends and relatives

as possible. That seemed more of a prerequisite than actually helping those who were in desperate need. Nothing has changed in U.S. politics – city, county, state or federal.[1893]

Distributing agents congregated at Leroy, in the Neosho Valley, convenient and close to transportation and supplies. Relief funds were extremely limited. Congress had made no new appropriations. Unfortunately, white settlers had also been moving to that area for the abundance of trees and did not want to be in close proximity to the Indians. Inevitably, the Indians, instead of the whites, were obliged to move before violence erupted. The Sacs and Foxes offered their reservation about twenty-five miles northward. The disgusted, destitute homesick refugees who had justifiable grievances simply wanted to return home. Superintendent Williams G. Coffin and George W. Cutler, agent for the Creek Indians appealed unsuccessfully to Lincoln.[1894]

The refugees were still suffering for want of adequate food, clothing and shelter as the winter of 1862-63 approached, despite the condemned tents the army had distributed. Many suffered and died from pneumonia for lack of shelter or severe gastric disorders due to spoiled poor-quality food supplied by the government.[1895]

The Sioux Uprising of 1862

There are substantial reasons for the Sioux Uprising of 1862, also known as the Dakota Conflict, the Dakota War of 1862, or Little Crow’s War. The treaties of 1851 and 1858 undermined Dakota culture and drastically reduced the tribal power structure by emasculating the chiefs and older men, which inevitably generated gangs of resentful malcontents. The treaties prohibited the tribes from hunting where they had always hunted. In as much as the Indians could not hunt, they became dependent upon government- provided food, which they bought with their annuity payments, poor compensation for relinquishing their land and their pride. The Sioux were justifiably embittered. Government-licensed traders regularly escalated commodity prices by as much as 100% to 400%. Agency oversight was nonexistent and the Indians had no legal recourse or effective representation. The disaffected malcontents had little hope and saw few options.

The government, for some reason, perhaps the war, was late in paying the annuities, in gold. People circulated rumors that the U.S. government had spent all of their gold to fight the Confederacy. Thaóyate Dúta known as Little Crow, a Sioux Chief, asked Indian Agent, Thomas Galbraith if he could possibly issue food from the warehouse, instead of giving the Indians their usual gold payment, because his people were starving and the warehouses were full. Instead of meeting the needs of the hungry Indians, Galbraith ordered 100 U.S. soldiers to guard the Upper Agency warehouses.[1896]

On July 14, 1862, about 5,000 starving Sioux surrounded Galbraith, and demanded that the Indian Agent open the agency warehouses and release the provisions intended for them. Their crops had failed and the Indians were in a state of chronic starvation. Galbraith notified Superintendent Thompson about the situation. On August 4, 1862, more than 500 Sioux forced the outnumbered soldiers to give them some basic provisions. On August 13, Little Crow demanded that Galbraith allocate more commodities to the adjacent Lower Agency. On August 15, Dakota representatives, Galbraith and representatives of the traders held a meeting to discuss the situation. The traders did not want to distribute agency provisions until the annuity payments arrived. At the meeting, Andrew Myrick, a trader with an Indian wife said, “As far as I am concerned, if they are hungry, let them eat grass or their own dung.”[1897] Unbeknownst to everyone, the annuities were en route. On August 16, a container with $71,000 in gold coins had arrived in St. Paul. The next day, shipping officials would send the money to Fort Ridgely for distribution.[1898]

On Sunday, August 17, 1862, four young Dakota Sioux men were hunting and found some chicken eggs along the fence line of a settler’s homestead in Acton, Minnesota. One of the four men took the eggs but

the others chided him, telling him that the eggs belonged to a white man. The first man became angry, threw the eggs on the ground and accused the others of being afraid of the whites. To disprove the accusation, he threatened to go to the house and shoot the owner and challenged the others to join him. Consequently, they killed five settlers, an act certain to result in harsh retaliation from the whites.[1899]

When others informed Little Crow about the murders that night, he reminded his followers, “It is the white man’s way to punish all Indians for the crimes of one or a few.” It is still, to this day, the elite’s way to punish whole countries for the behavior of a few. After deliberating throughout the night, Chief Little Crow and Chief Big Eagle, the majority of the Indian council who wanted a preemptive strike outnumbered the others. They argued, a defensive assault is preferable “rather than wait for the soldiers to come and kill them” in as much as the white men were busy fighting among themselves in the South. Little Crow, who did not want war, castigated the young perpetrators of the massacre for drinking the “white man’s devil water.”[1900]

Chief Little Crow reluctantly agreed to wage a war in an attempt to force the settlers to leave Sioux territory. Yet, he warned, “Blood has been shed, the payments will be stopped and the whites will exact a terrible revenge because women have been killed, but I will lead you.”[1901] Little Crow alerted neighboring tribes of his imminent surprise attack against the Lower Agency and the traders. On August 18, 1862, at 6:30 a.m., at the sight of the attacking Indians, Andrew Myrick, the trader escaped into his store and up to the second floor where he jumped from a window when the Sioux set his store afire. The U.S. military later discovered Myrick, shot dead and scalped, with grass in his mouth.[1902]

Panic, provoked by false claims, broke out among the whites. On August 19, 1862, people reported that the bloodthirsty savages had killed 500 whites rather than the five unfortunate victims. On August 21, Governor Alexander Ramsey (1860-1863) telegraphed War Secretary Edwin M. Stanton and claimed that the Indians were murdering men, women and children. Ramsey, then a Whig, was the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota (1849-1853). Ramsey appointed Henry Hastings Sibley, former Minnesota governor (1858-1860) and Indian trader, as his top military commander. Sibley gathered a volunteer militia. It was an election year, Ramsey desperately wanted to be a Senator, and a tough policy against the non-voting Indians might strengthen his position with the frightened white residents, perhaps enough to propel him to Washington.[1903] On January 15, 1863, his tough Indian policy, supposedly designed to keep residents safe, would clinch his victory over Aldrich for the Senate seat.

President Abraham Lincoln obviously knew about the corruption in Minnesota but was not yet aware of the recent events with the Indians because he focused so much of his attention on the war against the South. Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the Interior, claimed that the Confederacy had supplied the weapons to the Indians and that the attack was a Confederate Conspiracy. He further claimed that the main cause was the “insurrection of the southern states.”[1904] Commissioner of Indian Affairs, William P. Dole exaggerated and announced that the Indian’s attack was “the most atrocious and horrible outbreak to be found in the annals of Indian history” and that the attack was “characterized by every species of savage atrocity and barbarity known to Indian warfare.” Dole estimated that the Indians had savagely murdered between 800 and 1,000 unarmed settlers and that the Indians had almost demolished the whole town of New Ulm, with about 1,500 to 2,000 residents.[1905]

On August 25, 1862, Governor Ramsey notified officials in Washington that he needed men and supplies. To influence the decision, he requested a delay in Minnesota’s draft requirement of 5,360 men. In other words, provide me with the men and equipment that I have requested or I will withhold Minnesota residents from fighting in the war. After War Secretary Stanton rejected his request, Ramsey approached Lincoln who unthinkingly responded, “Attend to the Indians,” giving him full authority, in addition to what he asked for, to take any action he wanted. Minnesota was a Republican stronghold and Lincoln was

anticipating a reelection in 1864. It also gave him an opportunity to reassign the disgruntled General John Pope, a West Point graduate, who had just returned to Washington. Pope was angry, bitter and unfairly blaming Fitz John Porter for his own bumbling loss at the Second Battle of Bull Run (August 28-30, 1862). Pope, a known braggart and early-day media whore, arrived in St. Paul, Minnesota on September 16, 1862 to head up the newly contrived Military Department of the Northwest.[1906]

General Pope instantly adopted an uncompromising attitude toward the Indians. He wrote to Colonel Sibley, “It is my purpose utterly to exterminate the Sioux if I have the power to do so, and even if it requires a campaign lasting the whole of next year. Destroy everything belonging to them and force them out to the plains, unless, as I suggest, you can capture them. They are to be treated as maniacs or wild beasts, and by no means as people with whom treaties or compromises can be made.”[1907] [1908] He told Sibley to destroy Indian farms and their scant food. Sibley was happy to comply because he regarded the Indians as “devils in human shape” and “miserable wretches” and he was looking for a political promotion. Meanwhile, General Pope notified officials in Washington that there were 50,000 refugees and that the Indians would surely depopulate the whole of Dakota and Nebraska.[1909]

By September 20, 1862, the Confederacy had released 20,000 Union prisoners to the federal government on the condition that Washington officials promise they would not immediately dispatch them to Minnesota to engage in warfare against the Indians. Lincoln, a man historians regularly characterize as having unshakeable integrity, told Stanton to ignore that stipulation in their agreement with the South and send them to Minnesota. However, the reluctant soldiers found the assignment “very distasteful” and an obvious violation of the terms of their release. Some deserted; others simply refused to go to Minnesota. They resisted to the point that the military was forced to use local troops who were probably more motivated to kill and expel the Indians. Author David A. Nichols wrote, “Indian warfare stirred patriotism only in Minnesota,” among the residents wanting more land.[1910]

The vulnerable Indians, weakened by hunger and with few weapons, were no military match for Sibley’s forces. He had a decisive victory at Wood Lake on September 23, 1862, which ended the Sioux’s organized fighting in Minnesota. Some of the stronger, unyielding Indians, to avoid capture, escaped to the west. The chiefs quickly conceded and released all white captives. Most of the Sioux, on the verge of starvation, willingly surrendered. Sibley promised them that he and the rest of the military would treat them as friends if they surrendered. However, what the whites apparently wanted was vengeance![1911]

The media panic had been totally out of proportion. Although Sibley promised to treat those who surrendered as friends, he had other plans. By early October, he and his subordinates incarcerated these friends, about 1,200, out of which almost 1,000 were women and children, as prisoners of war. Sibley quickly convened a Military Commission to try almost 400 war criminals that faced probable execution. By October 3, 1862, they had already tried twenty to thirty Indians. General Pope saw no necessity for the trials saying, “We have and can have troops enough to exterminate them all, if they furnish the least occasion for it.” That included women and children. He ordered his men to shoot any Indian who left the reservation – no questions asked. On October 9, 1862, He told the government “The Sioux War may be considered at an end.”[1912]

George A. S. Crooker, a Minnesota resident, wrote to Lincoln on Tuesday, October 7, 1862, “the Sioux Indians ... never had more than ten such rifles...which were bought in St Paul.” The uprising “was caused by the wretched condition of the tribes, some of them were almost at the point of starvation, the neglect of the Government agents to make the annuity payments at the proper time and the insulting taunts of the Agents to their cries for bread.” It was caused by “the rapacious robberies of the Agents, Traders, and Government officials who always connive together to steal every dollar of their money that can be stolen.”[1913]

George A. S. Crooker further wrote, “If an Agent can hold his office through one yearly payment of annuities he can retire rich for life when his salary is never more than $1500 a year and often less. A kind and considerate Agent who had the interests of his Government and the well-being of the Indians at heart would have avoided and prevented the whole of the bloodshed that followed. I feel confident if all the Indian out breaks upon this continent were carefully examined and honestly probed to the bottom, the whole cause and origin would be found in the thievish and dishonest conduct of Government Agents, Officers, Traders, and the vile confederates that procured their appointment and share their plunder and then gloss over and hide their iniquity. Instead of annuity payments build them mills, aid them in erecting dwellings, furnish implements of husbandry, instruct them how to keep these in repair and how to till the soil...whole system of annuity payments has never been beneficial but rather an unmitigated curse to the Indian.”[1914]

The five-man Military Commission, in ten days, tried 392 prisoners, condemning 303 to death. The Commission did not allow the majority of them to speak in their own behalf. Trials for Indians and blacks are predictably concise and conclusive. Pope and Sibley demanded immediate executions. Nevertheless, on November 8, 1862, Sibley telegraphed the results of the trials to Lincoln for his confirmation as he had requested that they send all the trial records to him for evaluation.[1915] Sibley was determined that the number of executions should “be sufficiently great to satisfy the longings of the most bloodthirsty.”[1916] General Pope pressured Lincoln to move forward with the executions. Ramsey hinted that if they postponed or stalled official actions then the citizens would take things into their own hands. Minnesota newspapers threatened disastrous consequences if the president failed to execute the prisoners. Minnesota Politicians Morton Wilkinson, Cyrus Aldrich and William Windom insisted on executions even if it meant embellishing the evidence. Wilkinson told sensational stories about Indians brutally murdering and raping white women in order to pass a resolution requiring action from the president.[1917]

On November 22, 1862, Thaddeus Williams, a St. Paul doctor, wrote to Lincoln and claimed that the Indians had killed “400 human beings, butchered, their entrails torn out, & their heads cut off & put between their lifeless thighs, or hoisted on a pole, their bodies gashed and cut to strips, & nailed or hung to trees; mothers with sharp fence rails passed through them and their unborn babies; children with hooks stuck through their backs and hung to limbs of trees...not only does justice require the blood of these savages but vengeance will have it.” He further claimed that twenty-three Indians had raped one young girl. Minnesota newspapers carried similar stories – all contrived to inflame and outrage the white population who would justify a bloodbath against the Indians.[1918] The court records showed that two Indians were guilty of single-incident rape.

Lincoln and a cadre of lawyers evaluated the transcripts. Some trials lasted only ten to fifteen minutes. Most of the condemned had not participated in any terrorist activities. Lincoln ultimately decided, after Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt opted out of the decision, to have thirty-eight out of the 303 convicts hanged, given the “extreme ferocities” and “large amount of human life involved” during the Sioux uprising. This satisfied the demand of the Minnesota citizens for vengeance and constituted “the largest official mass execution in American history in which guilt of the executed cannot be positively determined.”[1919] Ramsey and Senator Morton Wilkinson, for political expediency, thought Lincoln should have ordered the execution of all 303 Sioux.[1920]

Henry B. Whipple, Episcopal Bishop of Minnesota, opposed the mass execution and appealed to Lincoln through Senator Henry Rice: “We cannot hang men by the hundreds.”[1921] Citizens criticized Whipple for his Christian views when he protested the results of the hasty trials and the slaughter of people who peaceably surrendered, perhaps just to get a meal.[1922] Whipple attempted to reform the corrupt system while President James Buchanan was in office. In a letter to Buchanan, he insisted that “civilization and

Christianization” were essential for the Indians. He criticized the policies within the Indian service, “with the illegal sale of liquor and corruption prevalent among the traders.” He anticipated a Sioux uprising unless they implemented some reforms. He wrote, “Again and again I had declared publicly, that as certain as any fact in human history, a nation which sowed robbery would reap a harvest of blood.”[1923]

On December 1, 1862, Lincoln, in his State of the Union Address said, “The Indian tribes upon our frontiers have during the past year manifested a spirit of insubordination, and at several points have engaged in open hostilities against the white settlements in their vicinity...In the month of August last the Sioux Indians in Minnesota attacked the settlements in their vicinity...How this outbreak was induced is not definitely known...The people of that State manifest much anxiety for the removal of the tribes beyond the limits of the State...I submit for your especial consideration whether our Indian system shall not be remodeled.”[1924]

Politicians convened a commission, according to the Congressional legislation they had passed on February 16, 1863. Lincoln appointed Cyrus Aldrich to the commission to evaluate civilian indemnity claims resulting from the war. John Usher, the new Secretary of the Interior, who replaced Caleb B. Smith, admitted that it was difficult to ascertain the validity of all of the claims. Because of the commission’s decisions, money flowed from Washington to the Minnesota residents who filed damage claims. Of the $1,370,374, the traders received $208,000 and the rest went to claimants who may or may not have had justifiable requests.[1925] All the claimants appreciated the politicians who favored them with cash and who had eliminated the Indians, which freed up additional fertile land.

In addition to the prisoners, Sibley had custody of hundreds of others, mostly women and children. The government had little concern for families. Minnesota politicians wanted to remove all Indians, even the non-combatants, not just the Sioux, and take control of the Indian funds. Ramsey claimed that the Indians had forfeited every right to government protection, which meant that the government could steal their land. They moved most of the starving Sioux, without horses or guns to hunt, to the Upper Missouri after it was too late to plant crops.[1926]

On February 21, 1863, Congress passed a removal bill to rid Minnesota of the Winnebagos, another local tribe, although they had no part in the war. They protested, but in vain, as the pitiless military, according to their orders, brutally forced them out. They would leave their fertile land in late June 1863. The military crowded the tribe members into trains and onto steamboats for the long journey down the Mississippi and up the Missouri to their new reservation at Crow Creek, a desolate land in Dakota where the government expected them to supplement what food they received from the federal agency by hunting buffalo. However, without horses, buffalo hunting was impossible. Of the group, only 116 of them were males over the age of fifteen. Several women and children died during the insufferable journey. Minnesota settlers quickly divvied up the spoils; Morton Wilkinson arranged for the Lincoln-approved distribution of 54,000 acres of Winnebago land with financing from Thompson Brothers of St. Paul. Clark W. Thompson, a banker, and a Lincoln campaigner and elector previously directed the Northern Superintendency for Indian Affairs while managing his regular business concerns.[1927]

In April 1863, the military moved about 300 prisoners of war from Minnesota to Camp McClellan in Davenport, Iowa where at least sixty-one of them perished due to disease and starvation. The remaining prisoners, mostly women and children, remained in custody at Fort Snelling during the winter of 1863 where many of them also perished because of illness and malnutrition. Eventually, on April 10, 1866, they relocated the surviving prisoners to Santee, Nebraska where many reunited with their families. Ramsey pressured Lincoln in the hopes that Congress would sanction the wholesale removal of the remaining Indians from Minnesota.[1928]

The destructive War of 1862 escalated into the ongoing plains wars. Lincoln authorized General Alfred

Sully from Iowa and General Henry Sibley to coordinate a “search and destroy” military operation to pursue the retreating insurgents into the Dakota Territory where, according to Sibley, they had driven 8,000 to 10,000 Indians. They followed the 1863 expedition with military excursions against all Indian tribes in 1864, 1865 and 1866. The goal of these bloody military operations was total extermination.[1929]

Sibley and Sully’s 1863 expedition drove the main body of Sioux to the west of the Missouri, and destroyed huge quantities of their food and equipment. In June of 1863, Sibley directed his army west from Minnesota toward the Devils Lake region, but the Indians had fled southward. He pursued them and on July 24, they fought at Big Mound about seven miles north of the present town of Tappen. In July, they fought three battles – Big Mound (July 24, 1863), Dead Buffalo Lake (July 26, 1863) and Stony Lake (July 28, 1863), all in east-central North Dakota.[1930] The U.S. military had all of the advantages – modern rifles and artillery while the retreating Indians had shotguns and bows and arrows – used in an attempt to protect their wives and children.[1931]

The Indians had spent the winter on the plains with inadequate provisions, no horses and no ammunition to hunt and were literally starving. Consequently, they engaged in petty horse-stealing raids into Minnesota. On July 3, 1863, during one of those raids, Little Crow and Wowinapa, his son, were about twelve miles from Hutchinson foraging for berries when Nathan Lampson and his son Chauncey fired upon them. The shots mortally wounded Little Crow but Wowinapa escaped. Chauncey Lampson went to Hutchinson and returned with a group of townspeople. Nathan Lampson scalped Little Crow ($75 bounty) while the townspeople mutilated him. Then they took his remains to Hutchinson where they further mutilated his body. After the “civilized” townspeople had finished their gruesome task, they threw this “savage’s” torn, bloodied body on a heap of animal entrails at a local slaughterhouse.[1932]

The Bear River Massacre

Whites began invading Shoshoni territory between 1810 and 1812 when John Jacob Astor sent his representatives in the Columbia-Snake River area to purchase furs. Astor’s agents were some of the first Euro-Americans to travel through the South Pass in 1812. Initially the Shoshoni appreciated the opportunity to trade with the whites. By 1818, agents, “mountain men,” with the North West Company from Montreal came into the Snake River plain. The Rocky Mountain Fur Company sent men into the area in 1824. By the 1840s, the fur trade declined and emigrants began traversing the South Pass and onto Shoshoni lands. John C. Frémont explored the area in 1843. The Mormons came into the area in 1847.[1933]

The South Pass through the mountains, on the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains, the lowest point in the range, is located in southwestern Wyoming. It is a wide valley between the Wind River Range to the north and the Antelope Hills to the south. South Pass, a natural crossing point, is between the Central Rocky Mountains and the Southern Rocky Mountains. In the nineteenth century, it was the route for the Oregon Trail, the California Trail, and the Mormon Trail. Historically, natural grasses and sagebrush filled the prairie where the Sweetwater River was located on the east side and the Pacific Creek was on the west side.

The seven major Shoshoni groups west of South Pass had tried, through the 1850s, to fend off the invading settlers and prospectors in the Great Basin and Snake River country, their prime hunting ground for countless generations. Government officials were not going to prevent white migration into Indian lands. The Shoshoni land was a “diverse environment, ranging from extreme desert conditions to well-watered oases along mountain fringes and main rivers.”[1934]

The media of the day sensationalized the Indian attacks with provocative headlines – “Indian Murders” or “Murders of Emigrants” – so frightened settlers demanded immediate resolutions.[1935] Patrick Edward O’Connor, who had an explosive temper, came with his parents to New York City from Kerry County,

Ireland and enlisted as a private in the army in the First Dragoons, the army’s Indian fighting force, on November 28, 1839.[1936] He fought against the Indians in the Second Seminole War, which began in 1835 and lasted until 1842. William Jenkins Worth, under Major General Winfield Scott, led the most “successful” campaigns against the Seminoles in Florida who the U.S government later removed west of the Mississippi.

The army discharged him and he returned to New York for a while, and then in 1846, he went to Texas where he joined Albert Sydney Johnston’s command on May 6, 1846.[1937] He joined the Texas volunteers on July 7, 1846 for America’s war with Mexico and, at that time, changed his name from O’Connor to Connor. During the war, his superiors commissioned him a captain. On May 24, 1847, he resigned his commission. Then, Indians working for John Sutter discovered gold in California. Connor, a feisty opportunist, left Texas and arrived in California on January 22, 1850.[1938] He moved to Stockton, California. In May 1853, he joined the California Rangers and in December 1856, he was a first lieutenant and later a captain of a volunteer militia, the Stockton Blues.

At the beginning of Lincoln’s War, on April 12, 1861, Connor assembled a 146-man company, which he called the Union Guard. On August 23, 1861, Governor John Downey called for volunteers. Connor became the colonel for the Third Infantry California Volunteers on September 4, 1861. On July 5, 1862, Connor’s superiors assigned him to the Utah Territory to protect the Overland Mail Route and telegraph lines and to prevent a possible Mormon uprising. He and his regiment, the U.S. Army’s Third California Volunteer Infantry Regiment went to the Military District of Utah – the territories of Nevada and Utah.[1939]

On October 26, 1862, Colonel Connor established Camp Douglas, 2,560 acres, located about three miles east of Salt Lake City, as a military garrison, to protect the overland mail route and telegraph lines along the Central Overland Route. In 1878, officials would rename the facility Fort Douglas, named for Stephen L. Douglas, and it later grew to 10,525 acres. Connor founded Stockton, Utah, named for Stockton, California and the Pioneer Smelting Works in 1866. He had previously set up four mining companies.[1940] He explored the local vicinity and ultimately discovered vast mineral wealth in the territory and reported his findings through his extensive correspondence with Washington.

On January 29, 1863, Connor’s troops discovered and immediately assaulted, without any military justification, the Shoshoni encampment of about 500 people adjacent to the Bear River, near the present- day city of Preston in Franklin County, Idaho. His troops surrounded the camps and began shooting at the unsuspecting Indians. The warriors attempted to fight back while the women and children took cover in the Beaver Creek ravine. Connor’s men quickly trapped the unprepared warriors in the ravine that had only one possible escape route, the perfect situation for a mass slaughter. The soldiers destroyed the lodges and the food supply, much of which the Mormons had supplied. Colonel Connor, who was bitterly xenophobic, directed some of his troops to block the only plausible exit from the ravine while others went to the top of the ridge in order to fire upon the trapped Indians. Some drowned in the river while Connor’s men shot and killed others when they attempted to escape by swimming across the icy Bear River.[1941]

A reporter accompanied the attack and described the dead and the dying Indians who lay among the horses that the U.S. military had also savagely killed. Wounded suffering Indians and horses were intermingled with the dead. There was blood and carnage everywhere. He naively or deceptively reported that the soldiers had “accidentally” killed many women and children. The soldiers slaughtered women, children and babies, not inadvertently but with brute deliberation. They waged a total war against anyone who happened to be an Indian. They massacred at least 255 Shoshoni men, women and children within a relatively short period. Figures vary – a Danish emigrant counted 493 dead Shoshoni. The troops brutally tortured Chief Bear Hunter who was wounded, but still barely alive after the massacre. They whipped and kicked him but he would not utter a word or ask for mercy. One of Connor’s men put the bayonet end

of his rifle into the burning fire to heat the long sharp blade until it was “glowing hot,” then the soldier “ran the burning hot metal through the chief’s ears.”[1942]

The soldiers used an axe on those who survived the initial assault with guns. They sadistically raped many of the women who they had shot or axed, while these women were in the agony of dying.[1943] The soldiers brutally killed those who attempted to resist the sexual assault, despite their wounds. The soldiers gunned down the children. Soldiers swung infants by their feet, bashing their heads against the rocks.[1944] About 160 Shoshoni women and children surrendered. Connor left them, without food, amid the dead bodies of their relatives and friends and the bloody ruins of their encampment to die of exposure or starvation. He continued his campaign against the Shoshoni and by spring their “resistance was entirely broken.” They signed the Treaty of Box Elder, which stipulated their immediate removal to a small reservation in Idaho Territory, along the Snake River near what is now Pocatello. Connor reported to his superiors that his “district was now cleared of savages.”[1945]

His report was incorrect as he and his men, the real savages, remained in the area. When he returned to Fort Douglas, people welcomed Connor and his men as heroes. The Indians managed to kill fourteen soldiers while attempting to defend their families and themselves. The U.S. military massacred a whole group of peaceful men, women and children at Bear River in the Cache Valley.[1946] The soldiers seized about 175 surviving horses, buffalo robes and other personal items belonging to the Indians.[1947] Workers surveyed the Bear River through the Cache Divide for diversion and irrigation in 1868. Following completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, the government granted the Central Pacific more than a third of the land in the Bear River Valley via land grants.

Colonel Patrick E. Connor introduced mining to Utah and allowed his rich friends to develop the industry in Utah. He established the West Mountain Mining District.[1948] The Oquirrh Mountains, west of the Salt Lake Valley, in Utah Territory had rich mineral deposits. On December 17, 1863, Connor and his men organized Utah’s first mining district, the West Mountain Mining District that initially took in the Oquirrh Mountains. Following the discovery of silver by prospectors, they separated the district, on the western slopes, and organized the Rush Valley District on June 12, 1864. Colonel Patrick E. Conner and his men were all from California and they had collective experience with prospecting and mining. Given their duties were light, Connor urged his men to go prospecting in the mountains.[1949]

In June 1865, Representative George W. Julian of Indiana introduced a bill suggesting that the government seize all of the western mines from the prospectors who had discovered them and sell them at a public auction. Representative Fernando Wood wanted the government to send a military force to California, Colorado, and Arizona to oust the miners “by armed force if necessary to protect the rights of the Government in the mineral lands.” He promoted the idea that the federal government should work and manage the mines in order to stock the treasury.[1950]

In August 1870, they divided the original Rush Valley District into three districts and designated the northern part as the Tooele City Mining District and the southern section as the Ophir District. The mines located in these districts produced gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. On May 10, 1872, Congress enacted the General Mining Act of 1872, which allowed the government to claim the mineral wealth on public lands through the organization of mining districts in order to supervise all mining activity.[1951] In order to construct a railroad, settle the west, and mine the vast quantity of minerals in the area, the U.S. government had to eliminate the indigenous population.

Concentration or Extermination

In 1846, with the U.S. engaged in war against Mexico, the Apache Nation allowed the U.S. military safe passage through their lands. Thereafter, the U.S. occupied New Mexico. Mangas Coloradas, the top

Apache tribal chief and a member of the Eastern Chiricahua Nation, signed a peace treaty with the U.S. as the Mexicans and the Apache Nation had been longtime enemies. Relative peace existed between the Apache Nation and the U.S. until prospectors seeking gold overran New Mexico’s Pinos Altos Mountains, near the old Spanish copper mines.

The Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States as of September 9, 1850. Before the start of what people refer to as the Civil War, the current states of New Mexico and Arizona were part of the New Mexico Territory, according to the Gadsden Purchase. James Gadsden, U.S. Ambassador to Mexico would negotiate the purchase, formalized on December 30, 1853. The U.S. Senate would ratify it, with changes, on April 25, 1854 and President Franklin Pierce approved it. Mexican officials signed it June 8, 1854.

On July 11, 1852, at Ácoma, New Mexico, Mangas Coloradas (ca. 1790-1863), the top Apache tribal chief and a member of the Eastern Chiricahua Nation, and one of the few Indian leaders who still trusted the Americans, met with John Greiner and Edwin Vose Sumner, New Mexico’s military commander. Mangas, then in his early sixties, signed the treaty, which contained eleven articles mandating that the natives (1) recognize the jurisdiction of the United States, (2) establish friendly relations between the two races, (3) allow the U.S. government to establish military posts and agencies in their country; (4) Mangas had to discontinue his raids into Mexico.”[1952]

In exchange, the U.S. government vowed that it would issue “presents” and other items, absent a specific timetable, only on the condition that Mangas agreed to the stipulations in the treaty. Mangas was prepared to make peace with the Americans but not with Mexico. That was why he agreed to meet with the Americans. However, the Americans reiterated several points. They had no intention and the treaty did not imply that the U.S. government would take any territory away from the tribes; he represented all five Chiricahua tribes. Mangas would never have signed such a document. Mangas declared to his people, “We will show them (Americans) the importance of our word. If we say we will keep peace, we will do so. We keep our agreements.” He did.[1953]

Until prospectors discovered gold, silver and copper on Chiricahua Apache land in 1860, the white settlers, miners and others traveled through southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona, on their way to California, without any problems. The Chiricahua chiefs accepted the whites as trading partners and allowed them to establish posts and run mail through the territory. In the fall of 1860, some “rowdy miners” tied the elderly Mangas Coloradas to a tree and viciously whipped him. Therefore, the chiefs closed down routes through their territory and attempted to clear their land of all whites. All negotiations failed.[1954]

Researchers, Erica and Jim Parson, provide three letters from the Mesilla Times in 1860 and 1861, written by Jacob Snively, former Army Paymaster Jacob Snively[1955] witnessed by Henry Burch and James W. Hicks, and dated September 17, 1860, at Pinos Altos Mines. The editor published one of the letters on October 25, 1860. On April 20, 1860, Jacob Snively, accompanied by Henry Burch and James W. Hicks began prospecting for gold, starting at the Gila River. Snively’s letter states that on May 3, 1860, he discovered gold in what he named Bear Creek. This discovery, in Bear Creek and its tributaries, constituted a major gold discovery. In addition to gold, they also found quartz and silver, in sufficient amounts to create an industry in the area, according to Snively, for “at least for twenty years or more.”[1956]

Snively, Hicks and Burch clearly indicate that they broadcast the news in an effort to attract a large group of miners to the area, as they wanted to give the appearance of a large force of men to protect against a potential attack by the Apaches. They mined quartz on a daily basis from its first discovery on May 3, despite Captain Thomas Mastin’s claim that he first discovered quartz in December 1860. According to Mastin’s obituary, published October 17, 1861in the Mesilla Times, he died at Pinos Alto on October 7,

1861, at about 4 p.m. “after a lingering illness occasioned by a wound received in the arm” during the raid of September 27, 1861.[1957] This was a battle between settlers of Pinos Altos mining town, the Confederate Arizona Guards, and Apache warriors.

Benjamin Franklin Neal, a newspaper publisher and resident of Texas (1838-1859), had sympathized with the Federalist revolutionaries in Mexico. Neal had a law practice in Corpus Christi where the citizens elected him as the first mayor after officials incorporated the town in 1852. In 1859, Neal went to Arizona.[1958] On October 8, 1860, according to the Mesilla Times, Judge B. F. Neal, a 45-year old lawyer, born in Virginia,[1959] chaired the Committee on the Formation of a Constitution for Arizona. The citizens had also elected Benjamin Franklin Neal as the Attorney General for the Provisional Government of Arizona. At that time, there were about 500 Americans living in the unincorporated town of Pinos Alto, which had a mayor and a marshal but was a “provisional” government under the jurisdiction of the Provisional Government of Arizona Territory, established in April 1860 through the actions of a constitutional convention convened in Tucson. Dr. Lewis Sumpter Owings, formerly of Texas, was the governor of the Provisional Territory of Arizona.[1960]

In 1855, Dr. Owings had been a member of the Texas House of Representatives. In 1857, he ran on a platform that advocated an amendment to the State Constitution that would allow for the establishment of banks. The press vilified him and he lost the election. Shortly thereafter, he moved to Mesilla, New Mexico where he invested in a gold mine and made a fortune.[1961] John Baylor succeeded him as the governor of the Provisional Territory of Arizona in 1862. Judge Neal made a significant fortune in a gold- mining venture in the Gila River valley. He returned to Corpus Christi before the war and became an advocate of states’ rights.[1962]

About 2,000 miners arrived in the southern foothills of the Mogollon Mountains in the spring and summer of 1860. The Gila Apaches inhabited this area, including the chieftain Mangas Coloradas. The U.S. constructed Fort McLane, twenty miles south of Pinos Altos, to stabilize the area during the winter of 1860-61, but with the beginning of the war on April 12, 1861, the majority of the military left and hostilities erupted between the miners and Apaches who had joined with the neighboring Chiricahuas.[1963]

The Confederate States claimed the Territory of Arizona on August 1, 1861, after their victory at the first Battle of Mesilla on July 25, 1861. However, they lost control of the area after the Battle of Glorieta Pass, March 26–28, 1862. On 24 February 1863, the U.S. Congress would divide the territory and create the new Arizona Territory along current boundaries between the states. The 1850 New Mexico Territory included most of what is now Arizona (known as Santa Ana County), a small portion of Colorado, and the southern part of Nevada. On February 24, 1863, the government would establish the Colorado Territory and on February 24, 1863, they would create the Arizona Territory, which left New Mexico with its present boundaries.

John Ward, a rancher, and his common law wife lived in the Sonoita Valley, about twelve miles from Fort Buchanan. The Apaches had captured his wife and held her for several years, during which time she had a son. One night, during a drunken rage, Ward beat his stepson and the boy fled to live with his mother’s relatives in Sonora. Later, Ward went to Fort Buchanan and claimed that Cochise and the Chiricahuas had kidnapped the boy and some cattle. About three months later, Lieutenant Colonel Pitcairn Morrison sent Second Lieutenant George N. Bascom and about sixty men to retrieve the boy and the cattle. They were to use force if necessary. Ward accompanied them.[1964]

Bascom and his men arrived in the Apache Pass on February 4, 1861. Bascom stopped at the Butterfield Overland Mail Company’s corral in the Pass, and then proceeded east. Cochise voluntarily went to their camp, along with several of his relatives and friends. Bascom invited Cochise and the other Indians into his tent. Then Ward and a group of soldiers surrounded the tent. Lieutenant Bascom demanded the boy’s

return, as well as the cattle supposedly taken. Ward threatened to hold Cochise and his companions as hostages until he satisfied their demands. Cochise protested his innocence, then drew his knife, cut a slit in the tent and escaped, surprising the soldiers who had surrounded the tent. Cochise fled on foot but his friends were unable to escape. The soldiers bayonetted one of them.[1965]

Mangas Coloradas’ daughter Dos-Teh-Seh married Cochise, a leader of the Chokonen band of the Apache, which naturally allied Cochise with Mangas Coloradas. Cochise gathered his warriors and they attacked the employees of the Butterfield Overland Mail, killing one and taking the other one prisoner. That night, they captured a wagon train in which there were two Americans and eight Mexicans. Cochise, under a truce flag, offered to exchange the Americans for the six Apaches that Bascom retained but Bascom refused the offer. Lieutenant Bascom sent messengers to Fort Buchanan to get help. On February 14, 1861, Lieutenant Isaiah N. Moore and seventy men arrived. Meanwhile, Cochise killed the Americans he had held hostage. Bascom bound the six Indian hostages and hung them in the closest trees. The “Bascom Affair,” tragic and needless, motivated Cochise to wage a long and terrible war to rid the area of all the Americans in Arizona.[1966]

Mangas Coloradas tried to expel the intruders from his homeland, wiped out a mail party, and besieged Charles Hayden’s freight train. Numerous skirmishes took place with a company of “Arizona Rangers” acting under Confederate authority. In mid-1862, by the time the California Column, a military force of about 2,350 Union volunteers, had arrived, Mangas had almost succeeded in depopulating the Pinos Altos area of miners. The Union soldiers, led by Colonel James Henry Carleton, commander of the First California Volunteer Infantry, marched from April to August 1862 over 900 miles from California, across the southern New Mexico Territory to the Rio Grande and then into western Texas to drive the Confederate troops out of New Mexico.[1967] In January 1863, the U.S. military captured Mangas Coloradas and incarcerated him at Fort McLean in Arizona where the military guards brutally killed him without any kind of trial. The guards then mutilated his dead body, including scalping him, which further incited the Apaches.[1968]

General James H. Carleton, a Freemason,[1969] first targeted the Mescalero Apaches of south central New Mexico. The U.S. military had already suppressed them in the mid-1850s and had erected Fort Stanton on the Rio Bonita in May 1855, to keep them in check. Then the war began and the military abandoned the post. Thereafter, in 1861, the Apaches preyed on the white settlers. In September 1862, Indian Agent Lorenzo Labadi wrote to Washington officials, “The only permanent remedy for these evils is in the colonization of these Indians. Reservations should be at once located and the Indians forced to reside upon them.”[1970]

William P. Dole, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, collaborated with the military and the Interior Department, who waged a stealthy campaign against the Indians. The Lincoln Administration appointed John Palmer Usher, a native New Yorker, lawyer, and racial segregation advocate as Secretary of the Interior on January 8, 1863. He executed Lincoln’s concentration policy, “This department will make provision for such Indians as will submit to its authority and locate upon the reservation. Those who resist should be pursued by the military, and punished.”[1971] Punishment, of course, meant that they would be shot and killed.

In January 1863, General Carleton appointed General Joseph R. West to conduct an extermination program against the Chiricahua whose land had the richest mineral deposits in the entire southwest. The Chiricahua, according to the U.S. military, had two choices – either submit or die. The miners, joined forces with the military and lured a group of Chiricahua leaders, including a white-flag carrying Mangas Coloradas into their camp. Miners apprehended him and turned him over to soldiers who were waiting nearby. The soldiers, following West’s instructions sadistically tortured and then killed him. West wanted

him dead![1972] West was later a U.S. Republican Senator (1871-1877) from Louisiana where he was chair of the Committee on Railroads.

General Carleton implemented the genocidal conquest of the Mescaleros and Navajos. If that failed, he planned to press a mandatory cultural transformation on the Indians. In the name of wartime security, he suppressed all liberties and imposed a veritable military dictatorship in New Mexico. He viewed himself as an “empire builder, an agent of Manifest Destiny,” who was compelled to protect settlers, subdue, and exploit the indigenous peoples and their lands. Settlers discovered mineral deposits in New Mexico by the headwaters of the Gila River and in the mountains of central Arizona, created as a separate territory in February 1863. Carleton believed that the territory was an El Dorado and he wanted experienced California miners to come work the area along with sufficient troops to “sweep aside the Indians,” and to protect the miners while they developed the area.[1973]

General Carleton ordered Lieutenant Colonel Christopher “Kit” Houston Carson, a former trapper, trader, army scout, and Indian agent in the Rocky Mountain West to reactivate Fort Stanton and ordered the killing of all Indian men and capture of all women and children. There was to be no peace, just Indian submission. Carleton told Carson, “The whole duty can be summed up in a few words; the Indians are to besoundlywhipped,withoutparleysorcouncils.”[1974] KitCarson,aFreemason,portrayedasaherobythe government education system and the media, has had numerous schools and other facilities named in his honor.

Carson and his First Mexico Regiment executed a brutal campaign against the Mescalero Apaches in southeastern New Mexico with an order to kill all of the men. The troops were to take women and children as prisoners. By March 1863, Carson’s troops had slaughtered at least 300 Mescaleros. They force-marched the survivors, over 400 people, to Bosque Redondo, a concentration camp, where they incarcerated them. The inmates attempted to grow food but the scarcity of water rendered them all destitute and starving. Others fled to Mexico.[1975]

In the spring of 1863, General Carleton needed funds to build a major road to the Navajo mining area where miners had discovered gold. To gain support, he sent gold nuggets to members of Lincoln’s cabinet. To facilitate the road-building efforts, Carleton instructed Carson to implement a scorched earth policy against the poorly armed Navajo farmers and ranchers in order to starve them out instead of battling with them.[1976] In July 1863, Carson stationed his troops at Fort Canby. They established another base at Fort Wingate. Carson’s volunteers burned homes, crops, killed livestock, contaminated water supplies, and relentlessly kept the Indians on the run. Starvation soon overpowered Navajo resistance and forced them to surrender.[1977] By fall, Carson and his men had burned 187 acres of corn and fifteen acres of wheat. The soldiers gunned down any Indian attempting to negotiate with them. Now starving and desperate, the Navajo began raiding nearby ranches for food. The desperate survivors were finally compelled to surrender.[1978]

President Abraham Lincoln in his State of the Union Address on December 8, 1863 said, “The condition of the several organized Territories is generally satisfactory, although Indian disturbances in New Mexico have not been entirely suppressed. The mineral resources of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, and

Arizona are proving far richer than has been heretofore understood...The measures provided at your last session for the removal of certain Indian tribes have been carried into effect. Sundry treaties have been negotiated, which will in due time be submitted for the constitutional action of the Senate. They contain stipulations for extinguishing the possessory rights of the Indians to large and valuable tracts of lands.”[1979] Andrew Jackson who claimed that the Indians had only a “possessory right” to the land they lived on initially used the term “possessory right.” Jackson said that made them subservient to U.S. sovereignty. Therefore, U.S. “national security” required their removal outside of the geographical boundaries of the country.[1980]

Predictably, potential settlers interpreted Lincoln’s Homestead Act to mean that all Indian lands were now available to white settlement. Two men were hugely responsible for its passage, George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley, an avid socialist. They viewed the Act as the “first symbol of progress” which would inevitably lead to conflicts between the indigenous populations and the white settlers. The official policy of resource seizure and development and “gold fever” provided additional motivation for western white settlement. The Indians did not place inordinate value on gold as opposed to the white man’s obsession – another indication that the Indians were somehow inherently flawed.[1981] Homesteading, mining and railroading were proof of civilization, progress and most of all commercialism.

By January 1864, Carson, at Carleton’s direction, invaded the Navajo stronghold in Canyon de Chelly and laid waste to their fields and poisoned their wells.[1982] Apparently, without mercy, Carson’s troops slaughtered vulnerable men, women and children on the cliff s and those attempting to hide in the caves. The soldiers opened fire and indiscriminately killed everyone that moved. The Navajo had only bows and arrows and few escaped the massacre. The survivors begged for peace terms but instead the military commanded them to go to Bosque Redondo, the reservation on the Pecos River, 400 miles away. That was the only option – starve, be killed, or undergo a forced march to the concentration camp during the freezing winter of 1863-1864. One survivor remembers – a pregnant woman, now in the midst of labor, found it impossible to keep walking. Her family begged the soldiers to allow their exhausted daughter to stop just long enough to give birth. The gun-toting soldiers forced the Indians to continue walking. Moments later the Indians heard a gunshot. Of the 8,000 Navajos who began the “long walk” 3,000 perished.[1983]

Within a short time, the military held 8,000 Apaches and Navajos at Bosque Redondo, many with inadequate clothes or blankets to survive the weather. The military gunned down stragglers on the forced march, like the young mother, as a warning to the others. Indian Commissioner William P. Dole had advocated concentration for Indians living in New Mexico as early as 1861. Carleton claimed that the Indian incarceration was humanitarian in order to promote the superior white civilization. After Indian removal, the government opened former Navajo homelands to white settlement. They forced the Navajos to forsake their lifestyle and learn Euro-American farming.[1984]

The removal period took four years, from 1864 to 1868. Carson’s objective was to destroy the Navajo’s agricultural capacity. Because of his success, about 9,000 Navajos ultimately surrendered. Carson and his men gathered the Indians at Fort Defiance, Arizona, and then force-marched them to Bosque Redondo, the location for all the captive Indians in the New Mexico Territory. Because of insufficient provisions and shelter in the camp, over 3,500 perished over the next four years from lack of shelter and inadequate food. The prisoners were compelled to live in holes in the ground.[1985] Another U.S. Army General, Dwight D. Eisenhower, in his extermination camps in Germany, followed the same egregious policies and inmates there were obliged to live in holes in the ground. There seems to be an elite pattern of despicable, dastardly behavior and history does indeed repeat itself.

On January 24, 1864, King S. Woolsey enticed thirty warriors into his camp by promising them tobacco.

Instead, Woolsey and others slaughtered and scalped twenty-four of the warriors. Historians often refer to this as the Battle of Bloody Tanks, yet it was a deliberate massacre of the Indians in which they, in self- defense killed one settler.[1986] Woolsey, a rancher, had settled in Prescott, Arizona in 1860 where he sold supplies to the army, making him a war profiteer. For his efforts in the Battle of Bloody Tanks, Governor John N. Goodwin, a Freemason, awarded Woolsey the position of Lieutenant Colonel of the Arizona territorial militia. Governor Goodwin, the first territorial governor, was a lawyer, politician and New York businessman. Lincoln had appointed him governor on December 29, 1863.

Geronimo and Cochise, Chiricahua chiefs, quickly perceived, after the murder of Mangas Coloradas, that

they could not trust the whites and their so-called peace negotiations nor any of their promises. In the

spring of 1864, Carleton authorized a total genocidal war against the Chiricahua – kill every Apache –

men, women and children. Local ranchers eagerly joined with the military in the work of terror and death.

The U.S. Army supplied Woolsey’s group of vigilantes who terrorized numerous Apache encampments,

slaughtering dozens of people and scattering the survivors. On the evening of April 9, 1864, Woolsey

made plans for a sunrise attack the next morning on a major Apache encampment near Big Rump Valley.

[1987]

However, the observant Chiricahuas had seen their campfire smoke and were hurrying to break camp. They had almost evacuated their encampment by the time the vigilantes struck. Unfortunately, a few were unable to escape into the mountains. The Indians thwarted Woolsey’s plans for total annihilation and he was enraged. He ordered his men to destroy the village. One of his terrorist thugs, Sugarfoot Jack, discovered an infant inadvertently and sadly “left behind during the Indian’s hasty retreat.” He picked the baby up and “tossed it into a burning hut, and watched with apparent delight as the baby roasted alive.” Others endeavored unsuccessfully to rescue the child. Jack, a savage, found another unfortunate child. After playing with the toddler for a while, “bouncing it on his knee and tickling it under the chin, he took out his revolver, put it to the child’s head, and pulled the trigger.”[1988] Today’s wartime slaughter, where women and children are collateral damage, does not seem as personal or evoke the same outrage as thinking of a man deliberately incinerating an infant. Yet, high-flying bombardiers who drop explosives that immediately ignite and burn children, toddlers and babies is comparable.

A furious argument broke out amongst Woolsey’s men; many were justifiably incensed over the senseless, cruel killing of children and threatened to shoot Jack who quickly left. Some maintained that warfare demanded the killing of everyone, despite sex or age. Woolsey confirmed Carleton’s policy against the Indians and his own resolve “to fight on the broad platform of extermination.”[1989]

Territorial Secretary Richard C. McCormick, former Wall Street pro-Lincoln businessman, wrote in a letter to Congressman Charles D. Poston on March 5, 1864, “I am in favor of an utter extermination of the ruthless savages who have so long prevented the settlement and development of the Territory.”[1990] In 1860, McCormick was the editor of the New York Evening Post and then became a war correspondent during Lincoln’s War. The U.S. government officially appointed him as the Arizona Governor on March 14, 1866 (1866-1868). McCormick was later a U.S. Congressman from New York (1895-1897).

Bosque Redondo ultimately held 10,000 souls. By summer 1864, the Pecos River was hardly more than a

stagnant quagmire swarming with mosquitoes, which resulted in a plague of malaria. Brutish uncivilized soldiers habitually raped Indian women, which led to widespread syphilis and gonorrhea among the Indians. Other diseases associated with overcrowding and malnutrition contributed to their wretchedness. Shortly, Carleton was patting himself on the back for introducing the Indian population of New Mexico to “the art of peace” and “the truths of Christianity.”[1991]

The site of Bosque Redondo was barren and infertile and the available water was brackish and unfit for human consumption. The government-supplied food was scant and unfamiliar. Civil authorities and the Department of the Interior argued over who was responsible for the pathetic situation on the reservation. Additionally, unscrupulous officials employed the same spoils system evident in Minnesota in New Mexico – agents everywhere benefited from the suffering of the Indians. Inferior merchandise was overpriced. Food was often spoiled or tainted.[1992]

The government viewed any deterrents or implied threats by the Indians as a military problem, against Manifest Destiny, or they categorized them as insurrections, in the South or anywhere else, and they would deal with such incidences militaristically as evidenced in Colorado and New Mexico. Lincoln’s priorities dictated the events of 1864-1865. Lincoln’s Indian Policy and the necessity for the Union to win the war at all costs were associated with the exploitation of the mineral resources and the construction of the railroad.[1993] According to Lincoln, Indian hostilities hampered the process of organizing governments in Idaho and Montana. He assured Congress that “these difficulties are about to disappear, which will permit their governments, like those of the others, to go into speedy and full operation.”[1994]

Lincoln said, “The national resources, then, are unexhausted, and, as we believe, inexhaustible. The public purpose to reestablish and maintain the national authority is unchanged, and, as we believe, unchangeable.” Following Henry Clay’s American System, Lincoln was quickly selling huge quantities of public land for commercial development. By September 30, 1864, Lincoln had disposed of 4,221,342 acres, including military land warrants, agricultural scrip certified to States for railroads, and sold for cash. The cash received from sales and location fees was $1,019,446. The income from sales during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1864, was $678,007.21.[1995]

Lincoln, in his State of the Union address, on December 6, 1864, said he “believed that under the present organization the management of the Indians” would render “reasonable success.” He intended to eliminate any obstacles, including legitimate Indian settlements that mired western resource development and white settlement, aided by the transcontinental railroad and the Homestead Act of May 20, 1862 with 1,538,614 acres available.[1996]

Lincoln revitalized his plan to use Union troops, returned from incarceration by the Confederacy, against the Indians. By 1865, the federal government had twenty thousand troops in the western frontier. The Seventh Calvary spent their entire service between 1863 and 1865 in Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska. The government experimented with its policy of concentration in California, Colorado and New Mexico.[1997]

In 1872, Cochise negotiated for peace with General Oliver Otis Howard and mail agent Thomas Jeffords.

Thereafter, Cochise, with his band, began the terrible transition to reservation life. Cochise died in 1874.

[1998]

CONCLUSIONS

After reading this book, one might get the impression that I hate America. Quite the contrary, I love America and appreciate the millions of wonderful, hardworking people who live here. Because of what I have researched and written, people might perceive me as anti-American, unsupportive of America’s troops, or a radical leftist or maybe even a closet Communist. Those are just some of the discrediting characterizations attached to anyone who even questions past and current U.S. domestic and foreign policy.

While I once considered myself a devoted conservative, I have discarded that artificial description. I am not Republican or a Democrat, two corrupt parties that long ago abandoned ethical and moral principles. Almost with their inception, the bankers and their agents have co-opted, staffed and corrupted both parties. Sadly, both parties, infiltrated by strong influential personalities, have followed the same agenda, but from a diametrically different direction and the bankers fund both parties whose top echelon acquiesce and promote the industrialist’s self-serving programs. Despite the anti-war claims of the Democrats or the preventative war tactics of the Republicans, we are consistently involved in war, a cover for the corporations to seize valuable assets, transfer wealth or subdue dissenting populations. All of these warfare objectives create massive debts and the ultimate destruction of the U.S. economy.

Third parties or alternative candidates in either party, regardless of their sincerity, their purported intentions, their laborious efforts, have little real hope of the citizens electing them for a couple of reasons – the biased, controlled media and the absolute control, by both parties of the computer voting apparatus. We have gradually evolved into an idolatrous country. We have relinquished our personal independence, abandoned many of our values and surrendered the responsibility for our own welfare to others – mere human beings, the people in Congress, those sitting on the Supreme Court and the President of whichever party has current power. We are a class-based society that is regularly ruled by psychopathic personalities who portray themselves as capable of solving the problems that have brought this nation to the edge of the darkest abyss. When, in fact, they are the very people who have created the problems for the rest of humankind. While I do not fall into a political category, I do embrace a religious one – I am a Christian; therefore I denounce violence and war. Unfortunately, Christians do not always agree with Christ. Gandhi said, “Everyone but Christians understands that Jesus was nonviolent.” I also denounce the usury system that enslaves every single person in the majority of every country in the world – those who have allowed the predatory, parasitical leech-like bankers to establish privately owned central banks. Unfortunately, most of the debt slaves are unaware of the satanical system that has enslaved them.

Writing this book has been a painful but revelatory journey, as I have thoroughly researched people who the educational and media systems, often funded by those same bankers, have portrayed as heroes while they have characterized others who oppose them and their insidious programs as villains. Regarding this phenomenon, a scripture is apropos, “Woe unto them that call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter!” Because of my exploration, if the corporate media is “puffing” or promoting a particular person, I assume he/she is on their payroll. Even if a factor, like the proverbial left wing of the corporate media structure seems to be vilifying someone, then I assume they are attempting to build sympathy and support for their poor, biased victim. It is a tactic, nothing more. Listen to what these people say; ignore their attractive looks, their vibrant personalities, their claims of efficiency, or their business proficiency and their claims of morality or spirituality. If he/she embraces war, you know what side he/she serves – the banks and the corporations. The banks and the corporations, despite the number of people they have previously employed do not represent national values and the best interests of America, despite their claims to the contrary. Local

governments have named schools, streets and towns to honor Christopher Columbus, Kit Carson, and numerous politicians. Yet Columbus and Carson butchered men, women and children within the indigenous populations. Lincoln supposedly saved the Union by initiating an unnecessary “total war” that led to the fratricidal deaths of 622,000 fellow Americans. Lincoln could have and should have resolved the issues of the nation by attending the conference designed to address the policy differences between the two sections of the country but he refused to attend that meeting.

People do not like to admit that others have deceived them. We are accustomed to thinking that we know what is transpiring because we are educated and purportedly informed; we live in an industrialized nation and have advantages that other nations do not enjoy. That does not give us some kind of exclusivity or give us any moral rights to police the planet. However, even if that situation were true, it should make us more responsible for our ethical choices. Most Americans do not know what their government is doing, or what it has done in the past in the name of the citizens of this country. That is because there is a total absence of transparency and accountability. The U.S. government has participated in false flags operations, has deliberately created bogus horror stories to evoke hatred of co-called enemies, people who happen to disagree with American business or bank policies. Government officials, with foreknowledge of imminent deadly attacks, have allowed the senseless slaughter of U.S. citizens. They accommodate these events and remain silent for ulterior political, philosophical or personal reasons. Additionally, the CIA, an agency that answers to the president, has carried out covert military interventions in dozens of countries in order to accommodate political or corporate interests. While we are not collectively guilty, we are collectively responsible for the egregious actions that our government has conducted. They have not participated in these activities for the good of our nation. They feed the greed of the elite minority.

1 International Jewish Bankers Between 1850 And 1914: An Example Of Internationalization Along Ethnic Lines by Huibert Schijf, Paper prepared for Session X: Diaspora entrepreneurial networks, Economic History Congress XIII, Buenos Aires, 22-26 July 2002, p. 5

2 The Nameless War by Archibald Maule Ramsay, Britons Publishing Company, London, 1952, pp. 83-84 3 Cromwell’s Petition, http://www.ferdinando.org.uk/petition.htm
4 Ibid, 1952, pp. 83-84
5 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, pp. 34-35 6 LondonGoldMarket:1660-2004,http://www.goldfixing.com/goldfixing.pdf

7 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, pp. 34-35 8 The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life, http://nyupress.org/jewishlife/entries.html
9 The Nameless War by Archibald Maule Ramsay, Britons Publishing Company, London, 1952, pp. 83-84 10 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, pp. 34-35 11 LondonGoldMarket:1660-2004,http://www.goldfixing.com/goldfixing.pdf

12 Ibid
13 Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the critical Years 1806-1816 by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press,

Palo Alto, California, 2006, pp. 48-50

14 The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession by Peter L. Bernstein, Wiley, New York, 2000, p. 209

15 Brief History of Mocatta & Goldsmid as London Bullion Market Member, http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/mocattagoldsmid.html

16 Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the critical Years 1806-1816 by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 2006, pp. 48-50

17 The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession by Peter L. Bernstein, Wiley, New York, 2000, pp. 217-218 18 LondonGoldMarket:1660-2004,http://www.goldfixing.com/goldfixing.pdf
19 The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession by Peter L. Bernstein, Wiley, New York, 2000, pp. 217-218 20 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, pp. 34-35

21 The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession by Peter L. Bernstein, Wiley, New York, 2000, pp. 217-218
22 Little Journeys into the Homes of Great Businessmen by Elbert Hubbard, Roycrofters, East Aurora, New York, 1909, p. 105
23 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 11-12
24 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 24, 27
25 Rise of the House of Rothschild by Egon Caesar Corti, Translated by Brian and Beatrix Lunn, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1928, p. 3 26 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 41-43
27 Ibid, 1996, p. 48
28 Little Journeys into the Homes of Great Businessmen by Elbert Hubbard, Roycrofters, East Aurora, New York, 1909, p. 117
29 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 55-57
30 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 16-17
31 Little Journeys into the Homes of Great Businessmen by Elbert Hubbard, Roycrofters, East Aurora, New York, 1909, p. 110
32 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 21-22
33 Rise of the House of Rothschild by Egon Caesar Corti, Translated by Brian and Beatrix Lunn, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1928, p. 5 34 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 16-20
35 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, pp. 22-23
36 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 67
37 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 16-20
38 Ibid, p. 28

39 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 61, 67

40 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, p. 21

41 The Foundation of the English Rothschilds: N. M. Rothschild as a Textile Merchant 1799-1811 by Stanley D. Chapman, Textile History, Volume 8, 1977, pp. 101-102

42 Ibid, pp. 66-67

43 Jewish Families of Frankfurt am Main, http://goldschmidt.tripod.com/roths.htm

44 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, p. 26

45 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 74-76

46 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, pp. 22-23

47 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 21-25

48 The Foundation of the English Rothschilds: N. M. Rothschild as a Textile Merchant 1799-1811 by Stanley D. Chapman, Textile History, Volume 8, 1977, pp. 101-102

49 Rise of the House of Rothschild by Egon Caesar Corti, Translated by Brian and Beatrix Lunn, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, pp. 29-32 50 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 437
51 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 75
52 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 438

53 Rise of the House of Rothschild by Egon Caesar Corti, Translated by Brian and Beatrix Lunn, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, pp. 29-32 54 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 90
55 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 24-25, 32-35
56 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 88

57 Ibid, 1996, p. 71
58 The Foundation of the English Rothschilds: N. M. Rothschild as a Textile Merchant 1799-1811 by Stanley D. Chapman, Textile History,

Volume 8, 1977, p. 101
59 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 77
60 Ibid, pp. 78-80
61 JewishEncyclopedia,http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=317&letter=S
62 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 26-29
63 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 89-90
64 Ibid, p. 121
65 Ibid, pp. 89-90
66 Ibid, p. 90
67 Ibid, p. 105
68 Ibid, p. 105
69 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 36-45
70 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 114
71 Ibid, p. 163
72 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 50-51
73 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 175
74 The World Conquerors, the Real War Criminals by Louis Marschalko, Joseph Sueli Publications, London, 1958, p. 51 75 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, p. 68
76 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 103
77 Ibid, p. 110
78 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 29-31

79 10,000 Famous Freemasons, Volume 4, Q-Z by William R. Denslow, Foreword by Harry S. Truman, Past Master, Missouri Lodge of Research, Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc., Richmond, Virginia, 1957, p. 74; See also Two Faces of Freemasonry by John Daniel, Day Publishing, Longview, Texas, 2007, p. 131

80 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 29-31

81 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 103

82 Crossing the Channel: Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his Trade With the continent During the Early Years of the Blockades (1803-1808) by Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, University of Düsseldorf

83 The Foundation of the English Rothschilds: N. M. Rothschild as a Textile Merchant 1799-1811 by Stanley D. Chapman, Textile History, Volume 8, 1977, pp. 101-102

84 Ibid, p. 102
85 Crossing the Channel: Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his Trade With the continent During the Early Years of the Blockades (1803-1808) by

Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, University of Düsseldorf 86 Ibid

87 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 110

88 Ocean Transportation by Carl E. McDowell and Helen M. Gibbs, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954, p. 25

89 Crossing the Channel: Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his Trade With the continent During the Early Years of the Blockades (1803-1808) by Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, University of Düsseldorf

90 The Rise of Rothschild by Denise Sivester-Carr, History Today, Volume: 48, Issue: 3, March 1998, p. 33+

91 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 32, 40-42

92 Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the critical Years 1806-1816 by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 2006, pp. 7-10

93 Encyclopedia of Freemasonry By Albert Gallatin Mackey, H. L. Haywood, Robert Ingham Clegg, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2003,

p. 799

94 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 33-36

95 Napoleon’s Navigation System: A Study of Trade Control during the Continental Blockade by Frank Melvin, Philadelphia: Penn State University Press, 1919, pp. 6-7

96 Crossing the Channel: Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his Trade With the continent During the Early Years of the Blockades (1803-1808) by Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, University of Düsseldorf

97 Ibid

98 Ibid

99 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 140

100 Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the critical Years 1806-1816 by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 2006, pp. 7-10

101 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 110
102 Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the critical Years 1806-1816 by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press,

Palo Alto, California, 2006, p. 14

103 Reminiscences By Constance Battersea, Kessinger Publishing, Great Britain, 2006, p. 3

104 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 9-10

105 Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the critical Years 1806-1816 by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 2006, pp. 24-27

106 Ibid, p. 48
107 Ibid, pp. 48-50
108 Ibid, pp. 24-27
109 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, p. 152
110 Ibid, pp. 152-153
111 The Foundation of the English Rothschilds: N. M. Rothschild as a Textile Merchant 1799-1811 by Stanley D. Chapman, Textile History,

Volume 8, 1977, p. 99

Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the critical Years 1806-1816 by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 2006, pp. 24-27

Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 153-154, 166-169 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, pp. 32, 40-42
State and Society in the Dominican Republic By Emelio Betances, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1995, p. 13 Jewish Encyclopedia by Isidore Singer

The Rise of Rothschild by Denise Sivester-Carr, History Today, Volume: 48, Issue: 3, March 1998, p. 33+

Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the critical Years 1806-1816 by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 2006, pp. 81-82

Ibid, p. 85

The World Order, A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism by Eustace Mullins, Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization, Staunton, Virginia, 1985, p. 26

Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the critical Years 1806-1816 by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, 2006, pp. 81-82

Descent into Slavery? by Des Griffin, Emissary Publications, South Pasadena, California, 1980, 1984, pp. 18-40
Ibid, 1980, 1984, pp. 64-69
The Illuminati and the CFR by Myron Fagan, transcript of 1967 audio recording, Part 1, p. 2
Brief History of Mocatta & Goldsmid as London Bullion Market Member, http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/mocattagoldsmid.html LondonGoldMarket:1660-2004,http://www.goldfixing.com/goldfixing.pdf

The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848-1873 by Marc Flandreau, translated by Owen Leeming, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 2004, p. 131

Ibid, 2004, p. 131

International Jewish Bankers Between 1850 And 1914: An Example Of Internationalization Along Ethnic Lines by Huibert Schijf, Paper prepared for Session X: Diaspora entrepreneurial networks, Economic History Congress XIII, Buenos Aires, 22-26 July 2002, p. 5

130

131

132 133

134

135

136

137 138 139

140 141

142 143

112

113 114 115 116 117 118

119 120

121

122 123 124 125 126 127

128 129

Jewish Bankers 1850-1914: Internationalization along Ethnic Lines by Huibert Schijf, Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History edited by Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Gelina Harlaftis, and Iōanna Pepelasē Minoglou, Berg Publishers, 2005, pp. 191-217

Ibid, pp. 191-217
James A. Stillman Entertains Foreign Financier and Resident Millionaires, The New York Times, June 21, 1900

Jewish Bankers 1850-1914: Internationalization along Ethnic Lines by Huibert Schijf, Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History edited by Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Gelina Harlaftis, and Iōanna Pepelasē Minoglou, Berg Publishers, 2005, pp. 191-217

Ibid, pp. 191-217

The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848-1873 by Marc Flandreau, translated by Owen Leeming, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 2004,
pp. 133-135

Mercury’s Agent: Lionel Davidson and the Rothschilds in Mexico by Alma Parra, pp. 27-32 http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2008Mexico.pdf

Ibid
Asia Pacific Dynamism, 1550-2000 edited by A. J.H. Latham, Heita Kawakatsu, Routledge, London, 2000, pp. 219, 221, 223, 225, 227

Mercury’s Agent: Lionel Davidson and the Rothschilds in Mexico by Alma Parra, pp. 27-32 http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2008Mexico.pdf

Ibid

The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848-1873 by Marc Flandreau, translated by Owen Leeming, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 2004, pp. 133-135

Asia Pacific Dynamism, 1550-2000 edited by A. J.H. Latham, Heita Kawakatsu, Routledge, London, 2000, pp. 219, 221, 223, 225, 227

The Attorney-General And The New Almaden Mine, New York Times, September 10, 1860, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? res=F70913FA395B1B7493C2A81782D85F448684F9

144

Mercury’s Agent: Lionel Davidson and the Rothschilds in Mexico by Alma Parra, pp. 27-32 http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2008Mexico.pdf

145. 145  Asia Pacific Dynamism, 1550-2000 edited by A. J.H. Latham, Heita Kawakatsu, Routledge, London, 2000, pp. 219, 221, 223, 225, 227

146. 146  67 U.S. 17 - The United States v. Andres Castillero Andres Castillero, December Term, 1862, http://openjurist.org/67/us/17

147. 147  Commander of all Lincoln’s armies: a life of General Henry W. Halleck By John F. Marszalek, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2004, pp. 87-91

148. 148  Studies in the Economic History of the Pacific Rim edited by Sally M. Miller, A. J.H. Latham, Dennis O. Flynn, Routledge, London, 1998, p. 14

149

Mercury’s Agent: Lionel Davidson and the Rothschilds in Mexico by Alma Parra, pp. 27-32 http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2008Mexico.pdf

150. 150  67 U.S. 17 - The United States v. Andres Castillero Andres Castillero, December Term, 1862, http://openjurist.org/67/us/17

151. 151  Commander of all Lincoln’s armies: a life of General Henry W. Halleck By John F. Marszalek, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,

     Massachusetts, 2004, pp. 69-70

152. 152  Ibid, pp. 87-91

153. 153  Studies in the Economic History of the Pacific Rim edited by Sally M. Miller, A. J.H. Latham, Dennis O. Flynn, Routledge, London, 1998, pp. 221, 224-225

154. 154  Asia Pacific Dynamism, 1550-2000 edited by A. J.H. Latham, Heita Kawakatsu, Routledge, London, 2000, pp. 219, 221, 223, 225, 227

155. 155  Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: the Critical Years by Herbert H. Kaplan, Stanford University Press, Stanford,

156

California, 2006, p. 17

Rothschild Archives, Principal Acquisitions, 1 April 2004 – 31 March 2005, http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2005Acquisitions.pdf, Encyclopedia of San Francisco, Jewish Community, http://www.sfhistoryencyclopedia.com/articles/j/jews.html

157. 157  The Jews and Modern Capitalism by Werner Sombart and Samuel Z. Klausner, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1982, p. 40

158. 158  International banking, 1870-1914 by Rondo E. Cameron, Valeriĭ Ivanovich Bovykin, B. V. Ananʹich, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991,

     pp. 244, 581

159. 159  The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848-1873 by Marc Flandreau, translated by Owen Leeming, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 2004, pp. 133-135

160. 160  Gold, The Yellow Devil by A. Anikin, International Publishers, New York, 1983, p. 78

161

Mercury’s Agent: Lionel Davidson and the Rothschilds in Mexico by Alma Parra, pp. 27-32 http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2008Mexico.pdf

162. 162  Asia Pacific Dynamism, 1550-2000 edited by A. J.H. Latham, Heita Kawakatsu, Routledge, London, 2000, p. 8

163. 163  Studies in the Economic History of the Pacific Rim edited by Sally M. Miller, A. J.H. Latham, Dennis O. Flynn, Routledge, London, 1998,

     pp. 221, 224-225

164. 164  Ibid, pp. 221, 224-225

165. 165  New Almaden California Was really Old Almaden, Occupied Historic Town, Santa Clara County, Circa 1824 To Present, http://www.highdesertdrifter.com/almaden.shtml

166. 166  67 U.S. 17 - The United States v. Andres Castillero Andres Castillero, December Term, 1862, http://openjurist.org/67/us/17

167. 167  New Almaden California Was really Old Almaden, Occupied Historic Town, Santa Clara County, Circa 1824 To Present,

     http://www.highdesertdrifter.com/almaden.shtml

168. 168  An Uncertain Influence: The Role of the Federal Government in California, 1846-1880 by Robert J. Chandler, California History, Winter 2003, p. 224+

169. 169  Bullion and Foreign Exchanges Theoretically and Practically Considered by Ernest Seyd, W. W. Morgan, London, 1868, pp. 267-268

170. 170  Studies in the Economic History of the Pacific Rim edited by Sally M. Miller, A. J.H. Latham, Dennis O. Flynn, Routledge, London, 1998,

     pp. 227-229

171. 171  Asia Pacific Dynamism, 1550-2000 edited by A. J.H. Latham, Heita Kawakatsu, Routledge, London, 2000, pp. 219, 221, 223, 225, 227

172. 172  Ibid, pp. 221-222

173 Studies in the Economic History of the Pacific Rim edited by Sally M. Miller, A. J.H. Latham, Dennis O. Flynn, Routledge, London, 1998, pp. 227-229

174 Asia Pacific Dynamism, 1550-2000 edited by A. J.H. Latham, Heita Kawakatsu, Routledge, London, 2000, p. 8

175 America’s Sixty Families by Ferdinand Lundberg, The Citadel Press, New York, 1937, p. 51

176 The Great American Land Bubble: The Amazing Story of Land-Grabbing, Speculations, and Booms from Colonial Days to the Present Time by A. M. Sakolski, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1932, p. 39

177 A Financial History of the United States by Margaret G. Myers, Columbia University Press, New York, 1970, p. 73.

178 Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, The Atlantic Monthly, Volume: 263, Issue: 2, February 1999, pp. 95-98

179 The Migration of British Capital to 1875 by Leland Hamilton Jenks, A. A Knopf, New York, 1927, pp. 67-68

180 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, p. 38-40

181 The World Order, A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism by Eustace Mullins, Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization, Staunton, Virginia, 1985, p. 18

182 The Secrets of the Federal Reserve, the London Connection by Eustace Mullins, John McLaughlin, 1993, p. 166

183 Ibid, p. 166

184 Wall Street People: True Stories of the Great Barons of Finance by Charles D. Ellis, James R. Vertin, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, pp. 3-8, 67

185 The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War by Iver Bernstein, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990, p. 129, 132, 145, 201

186 There is no Need for Anyone to go to America: Commercial Correspondence and Nineteenth Century Globalization from Papers found by Jessica Lepler, Assistant Professor of American History at the University of New Hampshire, during research into the 1837 financial crisis in the US.

187 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 42-43 188 Wall Street People: True Stories of the Great Barons of Finance by Charles D. Ellis, James R. Vertin, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, pp. 3-8,

67

189 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 38-40

190 The Creature from Jekyll Island : A Second Look at the Federal Reserve by G. Edward Griffin, American Media, California, 1998, p. 414

191 The Kill Zone by Craig Roberts, Consolidated Press International , Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1994 , p. 199

192 Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell edited by Edward S. Mihalkanin, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, pp. 188-190

193 Wall Street People: True Stories of the Great Barons of Finance by Charles D. Ellis, James R. Vertin, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, pp. 3-8, 67

194 The Rothschilds, the Financial Rulers of Nations by John Reeves, A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, Illinois, 1887, pp. 227-228

195 Freedom, a Fading Illusion by Charles Merlin Umpenhour, BookMakers Ink, West Virginia, 2005, pp. 221-223

196 The Kill Zone by Craig Roberts, Consolidated Press International , Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1994 , p. 199

197 Centennial History of Arkansas by Dallas Tabor Herndon, Director Department of Archives and History, The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, Chicago and Little Rock, 1922, p. 272

198 The Panama Canal by Frederic Jennings Haskin, Doubleday, Page & Company, 1913, p. 197
199 The Caribbean Danger Zone by J. Fred Rippy, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1940, pp. 83, 88-89
200 Morning Star Lodge No. 524, Free & Accepted Masons, Grand Lodge of New York, http://www.morningstarlodge524.com/history.htm

201 There is no Need for Anyone to go to America: Commercial Correspondence and Nineteenth Century Globalization from Papers found by Jessica Lepler, Assistant Professor of American History at the University of New Hampshire, during research into the 1837 financial crisis in the US.

202 Ecuador and the United States By Ronn F. Pineo, University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, 2007, p. 23

203 There is no Need for Anyone to go to America: Commercial Correspondence and Nineteenth Century Globalization from Papers found by Jessica Lepler, Assistant Professor of American History at the University of New Hampshire, during research into the 1837 financial crisis in the US.

204 Ibid

205 Ibid

206 Ibid

207 The Diplomacy of Involvement: American Economic Expansion across the Pacific, 1784-1900 by David M. Pletcher, University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 2001, pp. 153-154

208 New York Times, June 9, 1852, Wednesday, p. 1

209 There is no Need for Anyone to go to America: Commercial Correspondence and Nineteenth Century Globalization from Papers found by Jessica Lepler, Assistant Professor of American History at the University of New Hampshire, during research into the 1837 financial crisis in the US.

210 Authorized by government of the United States, May 10th, 1851, and which finally resulted in the treaty concluded by Commodore M.C. Perry, U.S. Navy, with the Japanese commissioners at Kanagawa, Bay of Yedo, on the 31st March, 1854 by Aaron Haight Palmer

211 Ibid

212 Ibid

213 Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture by Gary Y. Okihiro, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1994, p. 29

214 Authorized by government of the United States, May 10th, 1851, and which finally resulted in the treaty concluded by Commodore M.C. Perry, U.S. Navy, with the Japanese commissioners at Kanagawa, Bay of Yedo, on the 31st March, 1854 by Aaron Haight Palmer

215 Documents and Facts Illustrating the Origin of the Mission to Japan: Authorized by the Government of the United States, May 10th, 1851, and which finally resulted in the treaty concluded by Commodore M.C. Perry, U.S. Navy, with the Japanese commissioners at Kanagawa, Bay of Yedo, on March, 31, 1854

216 There is no Need for Anyone to go to America: Commercial Correspondence and Nineteenth Century Globalization from Papers found by Jessica Lepler, Assistant Professor of American History at the University of New Hampshire, during research into the 1837 financial crisis in the US.

217 Authorized by government of the United States, May 10th, 1851, and which finally resulted in the treaty concluded by Commodore M.C. Perry, U.S. Navy, with the Japanese commissioners at Kanagawa, Bay of Yedo, on the 31st March, 1854 by Aaron Haight Palmer

218 Ibid

219 Jefferson and/or Mussolini, L’Idea Statale Fascism as I have Seen It by Ezra Pound, Independent History and Research, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho,

2010, p. 20

220 The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, p. 57

221 The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000 by Niall Ferguson, Basic Books, New York, 2001, pp. 115-116

222 A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day by Glyn Davies, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, Wales, 2002, pp. 468-469

223 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 14-20

224 Tragedy And Hope, A History of the World in our Time by Carroll Quigley, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1966, p. 49

225 Banking and Currency and the Money Trust by Charles A. Lindbergh, National Capital Press, Inc., Washington, DC, 1913, p. 33

226 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 14-20

227 Ibid, pp. 14-20

228 The Federal Reserve Conspiracy by Antony C. Sutton, Emissary Publications, Clackamas, Oregon, 1995, p. 6

229 The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000 by Niall Ferguson, Basic Books, New York, 2001, pp. 115-116

230 The Federal Reserve Conspiracy by Antony C. Sutton, Emissary Publications, Clackamas, Oregon, 1995, pp. 468-470

231 Alexander Hamilton, Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank, February 23, 1791, Papers 8:97—106, http://press- pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_18s11.html

232 Ibid
233 Ibid
234 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, p. 14-20 235 Ibid, pp. 14-20
236 Ibid, p. 16
237 Ibid, pp. 14-20

238 The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 149-152 239 Dope, Inc.: Britain’s Opium War Against the U.S. by Executive Intelligence Review, Leesburg, Virginia 1992, p. 40
240 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 20-24 241 Ibid

242 McCulloch vs. Maryland, http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/mcculloch_v._maryland_1819

243 The Two Faces of Money by Geraldine Perry and Ken Fousek, Wasteland Press, Shelbyville, Kentucky, 2007, p. 266

244 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 20-24

245 Nationalism and Internationalism: Essays Inscribed to Carlton J. H. Hayes edited by Edward Mead Earle, Columbia University Press, New York, 1950, pp. 27-28

246 The Rise of New York Port (1815-1860) by Robert Greenhalgh Albion and Jennie Barnes Pope, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1939, pp. 95-97

247 Ibid, pp. 95-97, pp. 98-101 248 Ibid, pp. 95-97, pp. 28-29 249 Ibid, pp. 95-97, pp. 1-14

250 Ibid, pp. 95-97, pp. 95-96

251 Ibid, pp. 95-97, p. 114

252 Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, Volume 84, Issues 499-504 by Henry Mills Alden, p. 462

253 The Rise of New York Port (1815-1860) by Robert Greenhalgh Albion and Jennie Barnes Pope, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1939, pp. 100-101

254 Ibid, pp. 95-101

255 Ibid, pp. 93-101

256 Wedding of the waters: the Erie Canal and the making of a great nation by Peter L. Bernstein, W. W. Norton & Company, 2005, pp. 21, 232-235

257 Ibid, p. 166

258 Ibid, p. 294

259 Ibid, p. 357

260 Ibid, p. 364

261 Trade and Improvements: Young America and the Transformation of the Democratic Party by Yonatan Eyal, Civil War History, Volume 51, Issue: 3, 2005, p. 245

262 Wedding of the Waters, the Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation by Peter L. Bernstein, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2005, pp. 374-376

263 Ibid, pp. 374-376
264 National Historical Publications, George Bancroft Papers at Cornell University 1811-1901, Herbert Finch, Editor, Collection of Regional

History and University Archives, John M. Olin Library, Ithaca, New York, 1965, pp. 7-8

265 Life and Public Services of Gen. Andrew Jackson By John Stilwell Jenkins, Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, 1880, pp. 1-7

266 Trade and Improvements: Young America and the Transformation of the Democratic Party by Yonatan Eyal, Civil War History, Volume 51, Issue: 3, 2005, p. 245

267 The American Indian Frontier by William Christie MacLeod, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1928, p. 163
268 The Great Hunger, the Story of the Potato Famine of the 1840’s which killed one million Irish peasants and sent hundreds of thousands to

the New World by Cecil Woodham-Smith, Old Town Books, 1962, pp. 169, 206-207, 252-253

269 The Rothschilds: the Financial Rulers of Nations by John Reeves, A. C. McClurg & Co. Chicago, Illinois, 1887, pp. 208-209, 226

270 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, p. 34

271 Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and profited from Slavery by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank of the Hartford Courant, The Hartford Courant Company, 2005, pp. 3-12

272 Murder by Injection, the Story of the Medical Conspiracy Against America by Eustace Mullins, the National -Council for Medical Research, Staunton, Virginia, 1988, p. 313

273 Wall Street People: True Stories of the Great Barons of Finance by Charles D. Ellis, James R. Vertin, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, p. 236 274 The Secrets of the Federal Reserve, the London Connection by Eustace Mullins, John McLaughlin, 1993, pp. 167-168
275 Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, The Atlantic Monthly, Volume: 263, Issue: 2, February 1999, pp. 95-98
276 Freedom, a Fading Illusion by Charles Merlin Umpenhour, BookMakers Ink., West Virginia, 2005, pp. 219-220

277 The New Empire, an Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 by Walter LaFeber, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1963, p. 10

278 Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, p. 23
279 The Impending Crisis Of The South: How To Meet It by Hinton Rowan Helper Of North Carolina, Burdick Brothers, New York, 1857, pp.

22-23 280 Ibid, p. 40

281 Ibid, pp. 40-45
282 When in the Course of Human Events, Arguing the Case for Southern Secession by Charles Adams, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Maryland, 2000, pp. 2-6
283 The First Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific, Union Pacific by John Debo Galloway, Simmons-Boardman, New York, 1950, p. 51

284

Address of South Carolina to Slaveholding States, Convention of South Carolina, December 25, 1860, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=433

285. 285  A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, pp. 390- 391

286. 286  The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Volume One, The Nation of Islam, Chicago, Illinois, 1991, pp. 23-24

287. 287  Forces in American Criticism: A Study in the History of American Literary Thought by Bernard Smith, Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1939,

     pp. 5-6

288. 288  Ibid, pp. 5-6

289. 289  The Freemasons in America, Inside the Secret Society by H. Paul Jeffers, Citadel Press, Kensington Publishing Corp, New York, p. 30

290. 290  Forces in American Criticism: A Study in the History of American Literary Thought by Bernard Smith, Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1939,

     pp. 5-6

291. 291  Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of The Revolutionary Faith by James H. Billington, Transaction Publishers, Piscataway, New Jersey, 1999 reprint of his 1980 edition, pp. 19-21

292. 292  The Democratic Movement in Germany, 1789-1914 by John L. Snell, edited by Hans A. Schmitt, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1976, pp. 7-8

293. 293  America’s Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones by Antony Sutton, Trine Day 2002, pp. 79-80

294. 294  Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 80

295. 295  Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education, Vol. XXIII, no. 3/4, 1993, pp. 613–623

296. 296  The Democratic Movement in Germany, 1789-1914 by John L. Snell, edited by Hans A. Schmitt, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1976, pp. 7-8

297. 297  Moses Mendelssohn und die Transformation der jüdischen Erziehung in Berlin By Britta L. Behm, Waxmann Verlag, New York, Berlin, pp. 176, 191

298. 298  German Influence in American Education and Culture by John A. Walz, Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1936, pp. 13-21

299. 299  Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, pp. 377-380

300. 300  Ibid, pp. 377-380

301. 301  Pestalozzi: His Life, Work, and Influence by Hermann Krüsi, Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1875, p. 96

302. 302  America’s Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones by Antony Sutton, Trine Day 2002, pp. 79-80

303. 303  Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, pp. 378-379

304. 304  Addresses to the German nation By Johann Gottlieb Fichte, translated by Reginald Foy Jones, George Henry Turnbull, The Open Court

     Publishing Company, Chicago and London, 1922, pp. 19-21

305. 305  Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, pp. 378-379

306. 306  Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education, Vol. XXIII, no. 3/4, 1993, pp. 613–623

307. 307  The Underground History of American Education: A School Teacher’s Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling by John Taylor Gatto, Oxford Village Press, 2000, pp. 161-162

308. 308  German Influence in American Education and Culture by John A. Walz, Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1936, pp. 13-21

309. 309  Addresses to the German nation By Johann Gottlieb Fichte, translated by Reginald Foy Jones, George Henry Turnbull, The Open Court Publishing Company, Chicago and London, 1922, pp. 19-21

310. 310  Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education, Vol. XXIII, no. 3/4, 1993, pp. 613–623

311. 311  German Influence in American Education and Culture by John A. Walz, Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,

     1936, pp. 13-21

312. 312  NEA: Trojan Horse in American Education by Samuel Blumenfeld, The Paradigm Company, 1984, p. 44

313. 313  German Influence in American Education and Culture by John A. Walz, Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1936, pp. 10-11

314. 314  Causes of the Civil War in America by John Lothrop Motley, Cox and Witman, Printers, Great Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 1861, p. 10

315 America’s Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones by Antony Sutton, Trine Day 2002, pp. 79-80
316 Christoph Wilhelm Friedrich Hufeland (1762-1836), The Dictionary of Eighteenth Century German Philosophers, edited by Manfred Kuehn

and Heiner Klemme

317 The German-American Encounter: Conflict and Cooperation Between Two Cultures by Frank Trommler, Elliott Shore, Berghahn Books, 2001, pp. 79-80

318 Ibid, pp. 79-80
319 An Underground History of American Education: A Schoolteacher’s Intimate Investigation into the Problem of Modern Schooling by John

Taylor Gatto, Oxford Village Press; 2000, p. 294

320 Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell edited by Edward S. Mihalkanin, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, pp. 188-190

321 The Unseen Hand by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Tucson, Arizona, 1985, p. 152

322 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, pp. 378-379

323 The New Harmony Movement by George B. Lockwood, D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1905, pp. 73-74

324 Joseph Neef: The Americanization of Pestalozzianism by Gerald Lee Gutek, University of Alabama Press, Alabama, 1978, p. 3

325 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 379

326 An Underground History of American Education: A Schoolteacher’s Intimate Investigation into the Problem of Modern Schooling by John Taylor Gatto, Oxford Village Press; 2000, pp. 169-170

327 German Influence in American Education and Culture by John A. Walz, Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1936, pp. 13-21

328 Ibid

329 Ibid, pp. 13-21

330 Ibid, pp. 13-21

331 An Underground History of American Education: A Schoolteacher’s Intimate Investigation into the Problem of Modern Schooling by John Taylor Gatto, Oxford Village Press; 2000, p. 171

332 German Influence in American Education and Culture by John A. Walz, Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1936, pp 13-21

333 10,000 Famous Freemasons from K to Z By William R. Denslow, Harry S. Truman, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, p. 269

334 Ibid, p. 159

335 Encyclopedia of Freemasonry By Albert Gallatin Mackey, H. L. Haywood, Robert Ingham Clegg, Kessinger Publishing LLC, Whitefish, Montana, 2003, p. 753

336 Harvard’s Unitarian Presidents Edited by Herbert F. Vetter, Edward Everett (1846-1849) From Papers of Edward Everett, Harvard University

337 Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell edited by Edward S. Mihalkanin, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, pp. 188-190

338 Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom: The Rise and Fall of the Communist Utopia by Andrzej Walicki, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1995, p. 145

339 The Future of Communist Society edited by Walter Laqueur and Leopold Labedz, Praeger, New York, 1962, pp. 59-60

340 History of Socialism in the United States by Morris Hillquit, Funk, New York, 1910, p. 52

341 The Marxist System: Economic, Political, and Social Perspectives by Robert Freedman, Chatham House, Chatham, New Jersey, 1990, pp. 43, 45

342 Men of Wealth: The Story of Twelve Significant Fortunes from the Renaissance to the Present Day by John T. Flynn, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1941, p. 150

343 The Concept Of Popular Education: A Study Of Ideas And Social Movements In The Early Nineteenth Century by Harold Silver, Taylor & Francis, 1977, p. 67

344 Ian Donnachie. Robert Owen: Owen of New Lanark and New Harmony by Richard A. Lynch, Utopian Studies, Volume: 14, Issue: 2, 2003, p. 159+

345 The concept of popular education: a study of ideas and social movements in the early nineteenth century by Harold Silver, Taylor & Francis, 1977, pp. 68, 73, 81, 95

346 America’s Secret Establishment, An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones by Antony C. Sutton, Trine Day, 2002, p. 79

347 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 99, 102

348 Rule By Secrecy, the Hidden History that Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons and the Great Pyramids by Jim Marrs, Perennial, New York, 2000, pp. 235-236

349 10,000 Famous Freemasons, Volume 4, Q-Z by William R. Denslow, Foreword by Harry S. Truman, Past Master, Missouri Lodge of Research, Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc., Richmond, Virginia, 1957, p. 74

350 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 124

351 RobertOwen:SocialVisionarybyIanDonnachie,JohnDonaldPublishers,Edinburgh,Scotland,2005,pp.149-150

352 World Revolution: the Plot Against Civilization by Nesta Helen Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1921, p. 128

353 RobertOwen:SocialVisionarybyIanDonnachie,JohnDonaldPublishers,Edinburgh,Scotland,2005,pp.151-152

354 Ibid, pp. 151-152

355 Ibid, pp. 149, 166

356 The New Harmony Movement by George B. Lockwood, D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1905, pp. 73-74

357 Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, Volume: 1 by Carl Sandburg, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 1926, pp. 84-85

358 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, pp. 74-75

359 America’s Communal Utopias edited by Donald E. Pitzer, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1997, pp. 89-90

360 The American Socialist Movement, 1897-1912 by Ira Kipnis, Columbia University Press, New York, 1952, p. 2

361 Crossing the Channel: Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his Trade With the continent During the Early Years of the Blockades (1803-1808) by Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, University of Düsseldorf

362 The City Reader by Richard T. LeGates and Frederic Stout, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2003, pp. 58-59

363 The Dustbin of History, Foreign Policy, November-December 2002, p. 34+

364 High Calvinists in Action: Calvinism and the City, Manchester and London, C. 1810-1860 by Ian J. Shaw, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002, p. 60

365 Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 by Sean Wilentz, Oxford University Press US, 1986, p. 181

366 History of Socialism in the United States by Morris Hillquit, Funk, New York, 1910, pp. 55-56

367 Horace Greeley and Other Pioneers of American Socialism by Charles Sotheran, Humboldt, New York, 1892, pp. 27-28

368 Final Warning, a History of the New World Order by David Allen Rivera, Conspiracy Books, Oakland, California, pp. 110-111

369 History of Socialism in the United States by Morris Hillquit, Funk, New York, 1910, pp. 56-58

370 Horace Greeley and Other Pioneers of American Socialism by Charles Sotheran, Humboldt, New York, 1892, pp. 67, 69-70

371 The Roosevelt Genealogy, 1649-1902 by Charles Barney Whittelsey, C. B. Whittelsey, Hartford, Connecticut, 1902, pp. 41-42

372 The history of the Loco-Foco, or Equal rights Party: its Movements by Fitzwilliam Byrdsall, Clement & Packard, New York, 1842, pp. 89, 92

373 Final Warning, a History of the New World Order by David Allen Rivera, Conspiracy Books, Oakland, California, pp. 110-112 374 The Science of Government, Founded on Natural Law by Clinton Roosevelt, Dean & Trevett, New York, 1841, p. 24
375 Ibid, pp. 18, 28, 35, 53
376 The New World Order by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1990, pp. 123-124

377 Descent Into Slavery by Des Griffin, Emissary Publications, Clackamas, Oregon, 1980, p. 131
378 Final Warning, a History of the New World Order by David Allen Rivera, Conspiracy Books, Oakland, California, pp. 85-86 see also Fourth

Reich of the Rich by Des Griffin, Emissary Publications, Clackamas, Oregon, 1998, p. 57 379 Ibid, pp. 110-111

380 The New World Order by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1990, p. 119 381 Ibid, pp. 119-121

382 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 147

383 The New World Order by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1990, pp. 121-122

384 World Revolution: the Plot Against Civilization by Nesta Helen Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1921, pp. 228-229

385 The Marxist System: Economic, Political, and Social Perspectives by Robert Freedman, Chatham House Publishers, Chatham, New Jersey, 1990, pp. 142-144

386 The Federal Reserve Conspiracy by Antony C. Sutton, Emissary Publications, Clackamas, Oregon, 1995, pp. 37-38
387 Ibid, 1990, pp. 142-144
388 Ibid
389 Final Warning, a History of the New World Order by David Allen Rivera, Conspiracy Books, Oakland, California, pp. 110-112 390 The New World Order by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1990, pp. 123-124

391 Between Two Ages, America’s Role in the Technetronic Era by Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Viking Press, New York, 1970, p. 34

392 The Marxist System: Economic, Political, and Social Perspectives by Robert Freedman, Chatham House Publishers, Chatham, New Jersey, 1990,

pp. 142-144

393 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/

394 The David Icke Guide to the Global Conspiracy (and how to end it) by David Icke, David Icke Books Ltd., Isle of Wight, 2007, pp. 210-211

395 Propaganda by Edward Bernays, Ig Publishing, Brooklyn, New York, 1928, p. 168

396 A Compend of Luther’s Theology edited by Hugh Thomson Kerr Jr., The Westminster press, Philadelphia, 1943. p. 230

397 America’s Secret Establishment, An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones by Antony C. Sutton, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2002, pp. 57, 63

398 Marx and Feuerbach by Sydney Hook, New International, Volume.3 No.2, April 1936, pp.47-57

399 The New World Order by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1990, p. 69

400 Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies by John Robison, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2003 (originally published in 1798), p. 84

401 America’s Secret Establishment, An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones by Antony C. Sutton, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2002, p. 34

402 Kissinger’s Speech at the Akbank Conference, May 31, 2007, Istanbul, Turkey,

403 World Revolution, the Plot Against Civilization by Nesta Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1921, pp. 319-320

404 Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, http://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/90607.html

405 “Poisoned at the Source”? Telegraphic News Services and Big Business in the Nineteenth Century by Alex Nalbach, Business History Review, Volume: 77, Issue: 4, 2003, pp. 577+

406 Ibid

407 Ibid

408 Ibid

409 The Reuters Connection(s) by Eustace Mullins, World Economic Review, Issue 79, July 1989

410 Secrets of the Federal Reserve, The London Connection by Eustace Mullins, John McLaughlin, 1993, pp. 59-60

411 The World Order, A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism by Eustace Mullins, Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization, Staunton, Virginia, 1985, p. 44

412 Reuters Overview, http://ketupa.net/reuters.htm
413 “Poisoned at the Source”? Telegraphic News Services and Big Business in the Nineteenth Century by Alex Nalbach, Business History

Review, Volume: 77, Issue: 4, 2003, pp. 577+
414 Wealth and Biography of the Wealthy Citizens of New York City by Moses Yale Beach, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007, pp. 2, 5
415 1846 – 1900, The News Cooperative Takes Shape, http://www.ap.org/pages/about/history/history_first.html
416 “Poisoned at the Source”? Telegraphic News Services and Big Business in the Nineteenth Century by Alex Nalbach, Business History

Review, Volume: 77, Issue: 4, 2003, pp. 577+ 417 Ibid

418 Ibid

419 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, pp. 380-381

420 Ibid, pp. 380-381

421 The Associated Press, http://www.historybuff.com/library/refap.html

422 The Story of the Sun by Frank Michael O’Brien, George H. Doran Company, New York, 1918, pp. 426-427

423 “Poisoned at the Source”? Telegraphic News Services and Big Business in the Nineteenth Century by Alex Nalbach, Business History Review, Volume: 77, Issue: 4, 2003, pp. 577+

424 Ibid
425 Ibid
426 Ibid
427 Communication, Power, and Media By Donald Gibson, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 2004, pp. 25-26
428 Branching Out: German-Jewish Immigration to the United States, 1820-1914 by Avraham Barkai, Holmes & Meier, New York, 1994, p. 82 429 United States Jewry, 1776-1985 by Jacob Rader Marcus, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1991, pp. 83-84

430 Notable New Yorkers, Part IV, Session #1, Interviewee: John B. Oakes, Interviewer: Mary Marshall Clark, New York, New York, December 3, 1996, pp. 309-311

431 United States Jewry, 1776-1985 by Jacob Rader Marcus, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1991, pp. 83-84
432 Jews in the South edited by Leonard Dinnerstein and Mary Dale Palsson, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1973,

p. 169 433 Ibid, p. 169

434 Lost battalions by Richard Slotkin, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 2005, p. 78

435 Communication, Power, and Media By Donald Gibson, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 2004, pp. 25-26

436 The history of Hamilton County and Chattanooga, Tennessee by Zella Armstrong, Lookout Publishing Co., 1931, reprint by Overmountain Press, 1993, pp. 365-366

437 “Poisoned at the Source”? Telegraphic News Services and Big Business in the Nineteenth Century by Alex Nalbach, Business History Review, Volume: 77, Issue: 4, 2003, pp. 577+

438 The Shadows of Power, The council on Foreign Relations and the American Decline by James Perloff, p. 178-79
439 The Greatest Story Never Told, Winston Churchill and the Crash of 1929 by Pat Riott, Nanoman Press, Oak Brook, Illinois, 1994, pp. 163-

166

440 SimonSays.com, Simon & Schuster, Inc., http://www.simonsays.com/content/feature.cfm?sid=33&feature_id=1625

441 The Oxford History of the United States, 1783-1917 by Samuel Eliot Morison, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1927, pp. 218-219

442 William Blake And The Cultures Of Radical Christianity by Robert Rix, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Burlington, Vermont, 2007, pp. 78-79

443 Ibid, pp. 85-86

444 The Oxford History of the United States, 1783-1917 by Samuel Eliot Morison, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1927, pp. 218-219

445 Ibid, pp. 218-219

446 Taking a Stand, Portraits From the Southern Secession Movement by Walter Brian Cisco, White Mane Books, Pennsylvania, 1998, pp. 15- 18

447 Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies by John Robison, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2003 (originally published in 1798), pp. 41, 233

448 World Revolution, the Plot Against Civilization by Nesta H. Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, p. 39
449 The Underground History of American Education: A School Teacher’s Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling by

John Taylor Gatto, Oxford Village Press, 2000, pp. 114, 184

450 They were White and they were Slaves, the Untold History of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America by Michael A. Hoffman II, The Independent History & Research Company, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, 1991, pp. 22-23

451 Liberté,EgalitéBloodshedbyMichaelBurns,AmericanScholar,Volume:71,Issue:4,Autumn2002,p.148+

452 World Revolution, the Plot Against Civilization by Nesta H. Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, p. 47

453 Vale: The Illuminati and Their Plans for the Future by Dr. Adrian Krieg, A2zpublications, 2005, pp. xxvii- xxviii

454 The Controversy of Zion by Douglas Reed, Dolphin Press, Durban, South Africa, 1978, pp. 114-115

455 William Pitt and the Great War by John Holland Rose, Chiswick Press, Charles Whittingham and Co., London, 1911, p. 13

456 Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, Volume IX, London, Spottiswoode and Company, 1881, pp. 171-172

457 Library of Congress, Durey Item No. 28, viii, London and Manchester, 1794

458 Student’s Guide to Landmark Congressional Laws on the First Amendment by Clyde E. Willis, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2002, pp. 7-8, 13

459 New England and the Bavarian Illuminati by Vernon Stauffer, Columbia University, New York, 1918, pp. 10-11

460 The Controversy of Zion by Douglas Reed, Dolphin Press, Durban, South Africa, 1978, p. 116

461 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 17

462 Rule By Secrecy, the Hidden History that Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons and the Great Pyramids by Jim Marrs, Perennial, New York, 2000, pp. 235-236

463 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, pp. 334-335 464 The Illuminati and The Council on Foreign Relations One-World-Government Conspiracy and the Protocols

of the Learned Elders of Zion by Myron C. Fagan, pp. 7-8, http://jahtruth.net/illumin.htm#Protocols%20Proof

465 World Revolution The Plot Against Civilization by Nesta H. Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, pp. 14-18

466 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. x

467 New Orleans Mardi Gras Mystick Krewe of Comus Secrets Revealed by Mini L. Eustis given to her by her father, Samuel Todd Churchill on his deathbed, http://www.mardigrassecrets.com/index.html

468 The Controversy of Zion by Douglas Reed, Dolphin Press, Durban, South Africa, 1978, p. 112

469 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, pp. 317-318

470 America’s Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones by Antony Sutton, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2002, pp. 79-80

471 The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right, http://www.constitution.org/jjr/socon.htm

472 The Intellectuals by Paul Johnson, Harper Perennial; First Edition, New York, 1990, pp. 21-22

473 Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies by John Robison, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2003 (originally published in 1798), p. 107

474 World Revolution The Plot Against Civilization by Nesta Helen Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, p. 18

475 Ibid, p. 15

476 Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues by Kenneth Maxwell, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2003, pp. 109- 111

477 Ibid, pp. 109-111

478 Foundations: Their Power and Influence by René A. Wormser, 1958, Devin-Adair, New York, p. 143

479 The Controversy of Zion by Douglas Reed, Dolphin Press, Durban, South Africa, 1978, p. 115

480 New Order of Barbarians - transcript of tapes http://uscl.info/edoc/doc.php?doc_id=89&action=inline

481 Ibid

482 New Order of Barbarians - transcript of tapes http://uscl.info/edoc/doc.php?doc_id=89&action=inline

483 A Conspiracy Can be proven by Circumstantial Evidence. Nathan vs. Saint Paul Mutual Insurance Co. , 251 Minnesota 74, 82, 86 N.W.2d 503, 509 (1957) Supreme Court

484 The Tribes and the States compiled by William James Sidis, Unpublished manuscript, by John W. Shattuck, American Independence Society pp. 434, 444

485 A Guide to the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia, Records, 1777-1941, Accession Number 26102 A Collection in the Library of Virginia, http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/lva/vi00902.document

486 The American Revolution, 1763-1783 by Herbert Aptheker International Publishers Co., New York, 1960, pp. 134-135
487 Scientific Societies in the United States by Ralph S. Bates, The Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York, 1945,

pp. 5-6

488 The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, p. 93

489 Ibid, p. 143

490 Ibid, p. 173

491 Ibid, p. 175

492 Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues by Kenneth Maxwell, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2003, p. 175

493 The Tribes and the States compiled by William James Sidis, Unpublished manuscript, by John W. Shattuck, American Independence Society. 1935, pp. 460-461

494 Ibid, pp. 475-476
495 The Two Faces of Money by Geraldine Perry and Ken Fousek, Wasteland Press, Shelbyville, Kentucky, 2007, p. 266 496 New York Times of June 11, 1939, Wall Street Journal, March 22, 1979, Time Magazine March 29, 1993
497 Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790-1800 by Eugene Perry Link, Columbia University Press, New York, 1942, p. 49

498 The Tribes and the States compiled by William James Sidis, Unpublished manuscript, by John W. Shattuck, American Independence Society, 1935, pp. 518-519

499. 499  World Revolution The Plot Against Civilization by Nesta H. Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, pp. 19-23

500. 500  Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 98

501. 501  Ibid, p. 51

502. 502  Ibid, p. 460

503. 503  From King’s College to Columbia, 1746-1800 by David C. Humprey, Columbia University Press, New York, 1976, p. 292

504. 504  Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1754-2004 by Robert A. McCaughey, Columbia University Press, New York, 2003, pp. 111-112

505. 505  Ibid, pp. 111-112, 377

506. 506  World Revolution, the Plot Against Civilization by Nesta Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1921, p. 142

507. 507  Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies by John Robison, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2003 (originally published in 1798), p. 112

508. 508  Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 60

509. 509  Transcript of Norman Dodd with G. Edward Griffin, 1982 available at www.realityzone.com/hiddenagenda2.html

510. 510  History of Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Libraries by Glenn A. Walsh, http://andrewcarnegie.tripod.com/

511. 511  Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies by John Robison, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2003, p. 109

512. 512  Ibid, pp. 109, 112

513. 513  The American Indian Frontier by William Christie MacLeod, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1928, p. 77

514. 514  Bitter Feast: Amerindians and Europeans in Northeastern North America, 1600-64 by Denys Delâge, translated by Jane Brierley, UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C., 1993, p. 43

515. 515  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, p. 18

516. 516  Christopher Columbus and the Portuguese, 1476-1498 by Rebecca Catz, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1993, pp. 11-17

517. 517  Ibid, pp. 11-17

518

Was Christopher Columbus Jewish?, A Prophetic Book and the New World by Ray Bentley, http://maranathachapel.org/about/ray/articles/was_christopher_columbus_jewis.html

519. 519  The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Volume One, The Nation of Islam, Chicago, Illinois, 1991, pp. 14-17

520. 520  The Nameless War by Archibald Maule Ramsay, Britons Publishing Company, London, 1952, p. 4

521. 521  JewishHallofFame,JewishMuseuminCyberspace,http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/virtour/index.html#santangel

522. 522  The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Volume One, The Nation of Islam, Chicago, Illinois, 1991, pp. 13-16

523. 523  JewishHallofFame,JewishMuseuminCyberspace,http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/virtour/index.html#santangel

524. 524  Judaic Treasures of the Library of Congress: Columbus Sets Sail, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/loc/loc12a.html

525. 525  JewishHallofFame,JewishMuseuminCyberspace,http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/virtour/index.html#santangel

526. 526  Jewish History Sourcebook: The Expulsion from Spain, 1492 CE, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1492-jews-spain1.html

527. 527  Judaic Treasures of the Library of Congress: Columbus Sets Sail, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/loc/loc12a.html

528. 528  The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Volume One, The Nation of Islam, Chicago, Illinois, 1991, p. 11

529. 529  The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 by Alfred W. Crosby Jr., Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1973, p. 3

530. 530  Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian by R. G. Robertson, Caxton Press, Caldwell, Idaho, 2001, pp. 97-98

531. 531  American Indian Holocaust and Survival, a Population History Since 1492 by Russell Thornton, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman,

     Oklahoma, 1987, pp. 12-13

532. 532  The Letter of Columbus to Luis De Santángel Announcing His Discovery, 1493, http://www.ushistory.org/documents/columbus.htm

533. 533  Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong By James W. Loewen, The New Press, New York, 1995, p. 31

534. 534  The story of the Taino Indians of Cuba, The Great Dying, http://www.onaway.org/indig/taino2.htm

535. 535  Ibid

536. 536  Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong By James W. Loewen, The New Press, New York,

     1995, pp. 36-37

537. 537  The Letter of Columbus to Luis De Santángel Announcing His Discovery, 1493, http://www.ushistory.org/documents/columbus.htm

538. 538  Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong By James W. Loewen, The New Press, New York, 1995, pp. 36-37

539. 539  The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Volume One, The Nation of Islam, Chicago, Illinois, 1991, p. 16

540. 540  A Little Matter of Genocide, Holocaust and Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present by Ward Churchill, City Lights Books, San

     Francisco, 1997, pp. 85-86

541. 541  Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian by R. G. Robertson, Caxton Press, Caldwell, Idaho, 2001, pp. 97-98

542. 542  A Little Matter of Genocide, Holocaust and Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present by Ward Churchill, City Lights Books, San Francisco, 1997, p. 88

543. 543  Ibid, p. 87

544. 544  Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong By James W. Loewen, The New Press, New York,

     1995, pp. 33-34

545. 545  The Laws of Burgos, 1512-1513, http://faculty.smu.edu/bakewell/BAKEWELL/texts/burgoslaws.html

546. 546  A Little Matter of Genocide, Holocaust and Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present by Ward Churchill, City Lights Books, San Francisco, 1997, pp. 85-86

547. 547  Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian by R. G. Robertson, Caxton Press, Caldwell, Idaho, 2001, pp. 100-102

548. 548  Gold—The Yellow Devil by A. Anikin, International Publishers, New York, 1983, pp. 107-108

549

A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolome de las Casas, Project Gutenberg, 2007, http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20321

550. 550  The story of the Taino Indians of Cuba, The Great Dying, http://www.onaway.org/indig/taino2.htm

551. 551  History of Cuba, The Legend of Hatuey by J. A. Sierra, http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/oriente/hatuey.htm

552. 552  History of the Conquest of Mexico by William H. Prescott, edited by John Foster Kirk, published by J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1891, p. 103

553. 553  The story of the Taino Indians of Cuba, The Great Dying, http://www.onaway.org/indig/taino2.htm

554. 554  The Indian Chronicles by José Barreiro, Arte Publico Press, Houston, Texas, 1993, pp. 81-83

555. 555  Ibid, pp. 81-83

556. 556  Ibid, pp. 81-83

557. 557  Ibid, pp. 81-83

558. 558  Ibid, pp. 81-83

559. 559  Ibid, pp. 81-83

560. 560  Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong By James W. Loewen, The New Press, New York, 1995, pp. 33-34

561. 561  Christopher Columbus and his Monument, Columbia being a Concordance of Choice Tributes to the Great Genoese, His Grand Discovery, and his Greatness of Mind and Purpose by J. M. Dickey, Rand, McNally & Company, Chicago and New York, 1892, p. 88

562. 562  The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 178-187

563. 563  Ibid, pp. 149-150

564. 564  Ibid, pp. 178-187

565. 565  Radical Caribbean: From Black Power to Abu Bakr by Brian Meeks, University of the West Indies Press, Barbados, 1996, p. 102

566. 566  International Jewish Bankers Between 1850 And 1914: An Example Of Internationalization Along Ethnic Lines by Huibert Schijf, Paper prepared for Session X: Diaspora entrepreneurial networks, Economic History

Congress XIII, Buenos Aires, 22-26 July 2002, p. 1
567 World Revolution The Plot Against Civilization by Nesta H. Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, pp. 14-18 568 World Revolution The Plot Against Civilization by Nesta H. Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, 19-23

569 Lessing’s Theological Writings, Selections in translation with an Introductory Essay by B. D. Henry Chadwick, Adam and Charles Black, London, 1956

570 World Revolution The Plot Against Civilization by Nesta H. Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, 14-18

571 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, p. 93

572 Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of The Revolutionary Faith by James H. Billington, Transaction Publishers, Piscataway, New Jersey, 1999 reprint of his 1980 edition, pp. 19-21

573 Ibid, 1999 reprint of his 1980 edition, p. 96

574 Ibid, pp. 19-21

575 Ibid, 1999 reprint of his 1980 edition, p. 516

576 Ibid, 1999 reprint of his 1980 edition, p. 52

577 World Revolution The Plot Against Civilization by Nesta H. Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, pp. 19-23

578 The Synagogue of Satan, the Secret History of Jewish World Domination by Andrew Carrington Hitchcock, River Crest Publishing, Austin, Texas, 2007, pp. 25-26

579 Ibid, pp. 26-27

580 The Jewish Encyclopedia, The American Hebrew, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1387&letter=A

581 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 55

582 Founder: a Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time by Amos Elon, Viking, New York, 1996, pp. 136-137

583 The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait by Ruth Gay, Peter Gay, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 125

584 JewishEncyclopedia:KarlTheodorDalberg

585 The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, Atheneum, New York, 1962, p. 93

586 Jews and the American Slave Trade by Saul S. Friedman, Transaction Publishers, New Jersey, 1998, p. 89

587 The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Volume One, The Nation of Islam, Chicago, Illinois, 1991, pp. 22-23

588 American Overture: Jewish Rights in Colonial Times by Abram Vossen Goodman, Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1947, p. 69

589 The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Volume One, The Nation of Islam, Chicago, Illinois, 1991, p. 92

590 Ibid, pp. 92-93

591 Who Brought the Slaves to America by Walter White Jr., 1968, Self-published, pp. 1-2

592 When in the Course of Human Events, Arguing the Case for Southern Secession by Charles Adams, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maryland, 2000, pp. 209-210

593 The South Was Right by James Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 1991, p. 66

594 Who Brought the Slaves to America by Walter White, Jr. 1968, pp. 1-14

595 The South Was Right by James Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 1991, pp. 71-72

596 Ibid, pp. 72-74

597 Jews and the American Slave Trade by Saul S. Friedman, Transaction Publishers, New Jersey, 1998, p. 89

598 Lincoln Unmasked, What You’re Not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006, pp. 38-39

599 Lincoln Unmasked, What You’re Not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006, pp. 38-39

600 The South Was Right by James Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 1991, pp. 65-66

601 The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 178-184
602 Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and profited from Slavery by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank of the Hartford

Courant, The Hartford Courant Company, 2005, p. xxvi
603 American Jewry and the Civil War by Bertram Wallace Korn, Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1951, pp. 15-19 604 JewishEncyclopedia,http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=320&letter=L

605. 605  People of the American frontier: the coming of the American revolution by Walter Scott Dunn, Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 2005, p. 148

606. 606  The Torah Bells of Myer Myers: Ancient Traditions in a New Land by Rabbi Marc D. Angel, Text of Lecture by Rabbi M.D. Angel, given at Yale University Art Museum, December 5, 2001

607. 607  Who Brought the Slaves to America by Walter White Jr., 1968, Self-published, pp. 1-2

608. 608  Ibid, pp. 1-14

609. 609  Guide to the Papers of Aaron Lopez (1731-1782), 1752-94, 1846, 1852, 1953, P-11, Processed by Holly Snyder, American Jewish Historical Society, Center for Jewish History, http://findingaids.cjh.org//AaronLopez.html

610. 610  American Overture: Jewish Rights in Colonial Times by Abram Vossen Goodman, Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1947, p. 48

611

Ezra Stiles George Washington Honorary Degree, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ezra_Stiles_George_Washington_Honorary_Degree.jpg

612. 612  Guide to the Papers of Aaron Lopez (1731-1782), 1752-94, 1846, 1852, 1953, P-11, Processed by Holly Snyder, American Jewish Historical Society, Center for Jewish History, http://findingaids.cjh.org//AaronLopez.html

613. 613  Who Brought the Slaves to America by Walter White, Jr. 1968, pp. 1-14

614. 614  UK Law Firm and Bank Regret Slave Trade Links by Avril Ormsby, Reuters, July 1, 2009

615. 615  Freedom, a Fading Illusion by Charles Merlin Umpenhour, BookMakers Ink, Aurora, West Virginia, 2005, p. 223

616. 616  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, p. 25

617. 617  Dope, Inc., Britain’s Opium War Against the US by Konstandinos Kalimtgis, David Goldman, Jeffrey Steinberg, Ben Franklin Booksellers, 1986, pp. 38-39

618. 618  John Jacob Astor: America’s First Multimillionaire by Axel Madsen, Wiley, New York, 2001, p. 73

619. 619  Sons of Providence, the Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution by Charles Rappleye, Simon and Shuster, New York, 2006,

     pp. 3-12

620. 620  Who Brought the Slaves to America by Walter White, Jr. 1968, pp. 1-14

621. 621  Ibid, pp. 1-14

622. 622  Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery by Robert William Fogel, W. W. Norton, New York, 1989, pp. 18-25

623. 623  The Economics of Slavery, http://abolition.nypl.org/essays/illegal_slave_trade/2/

624. 624  Ibid

625. 625  The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 178-184

626. 626  Telegram Relating to the Slave Trade by Karen Needles and Lee Ann Potter, Social Education, Volume: 66, Issue: 6, 2002, p. 336+

627. 627  Telegram Relating to the Slave Trade by Karen Needles and Lee Ann Potter, Social Education, Volume: 66, Issue: 6, 2002, p. 336+

628. 628  Ibid

629. 629  When in the Course of Human Events, Arguing the Case for Southern Secession by Charles Adams, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maryland, 2000, pp. 209-210

630. 630  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, p. 15

631. 631  American Slavery, American Freedom by Edmund S. Morgan, W.W. Norton & Co., 2003, pp. 269-270

632. 632  Racism: A Short History by George M. Fredrickson, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2002, pp. 54-55

633. 633  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, p. 17

634. 634  Ibid, p. 19

635. 635  Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and profited from Slavery by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank of the Hartford Courant, The Hartford Courant Company, 2005, p. xxvii

636. 636  Ibid, p. xvii

637. 637  Ibid, pp. 180-185

638. 638  Ibid, pp. 180-185

639. 639  The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865 by P. J. Staudenraus, Columbia University Press, New York, 1961, p. 171

640. 640  Ibid, pp. 1-2

641. 641  Ibid, pp. 1-2

642. 642  History You May Have Missed, Doubting Thomas, The Barnes Review, March/April 2009, p. 32

643. 643  Race and the Rise of the Republican Party, 1848-1865 by James D. Bilotta, Peter Lang, New York, 1992, p. 6

644. 644  Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery by Robert William Fogel, W. W. Norton, New York, 1989, p. 253

645. 645  Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and profited from Slavery by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank of the Hartford Courant, The Hartford Courant Company, 2005, pp. 180-185

646. 646  Race and the Rise of the Republican Party, 1848-1865 by James D. Bilotta, Publisher: Peter Lang, New York, 1992, p. 1

647. 647  The Town That Started the Civil War by Nat Brandt, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1990, p. 36

648. 648  Ibid, p. 36

649. 649  Race and the Rise of the Republican Party, 1848-1865 by James D. Bilotta, Peter Lang, New York, 1992, pp. xi-xiii

650. 650  10,000 Famous Freemasons from K to Z By William R. Denslow, Harry S. Truman, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, p. 334

651. 651  Race and the Rise of the Republican Party, 1848-1865 by James D. Bilotta, Peter Lang, New York, 1992, pp. Number: xi-xiii

652. 652  Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War by Eric Foner, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995, pp. 268-269

653. 653  Race and the Rise of the Republican Party, 1848-1865 by James D. Bilotta, Peter Lang, New York, 1992, pp. xi-xiii

654. 654  Ibid

655. 655  Lincoln Unmasked, What You are not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006, p. 42

656. 656  Race and the Rise of the Republican Party, 1848-1865 by James D. Bilotta, Peter Lang, New York, 1992, pp. 452-453

657. 657  A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, pp. 352-

     354

658. 658  The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 178-187

659. 659  Sons of Providence, the Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution by Charles Rappleye, Simon and Shuster, New York, 2006,

     pp. 3-12

660. 660  The Transformation of Rhode Island, 1790-1860 by Peter J. Coleman, Brown University Press, Providence, Rhode Island, 1963, p. 36

661. 661  Slavery in Rhode Island, http://www.slavenorth.com/rhodeisland.htm Accessed May 2009

662. 662  Sons of Providence, the Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution by Charles Rappleye, Simon and Shuster, New York, 2006,

     pp. 3-12

663. 663  American Jewry and the Civil War by Bertram Wallace Korn, Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1951, pp. 15-16

664

665

The College to Nicholas Brown & Co., Providence, Rhode Island, 1771, See original documents at: http://dl.lib.brown.edu/repository2/repoman.php?verb=render&id=1098447551250000

The Charter of Brown University with Amendments and Notes, 1945, pp. 6-7 http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Corporation/downloads/charter-of-brown-university.pdf

666. 666  Providence Evening Bulletin, Letter to the Editor, June 7, 1966

667. 667  John Brown Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society, Manuscripts Division

668. 668  Sons of Providence, the Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution by Charles Rappleye, Simon and Shuster, New York, 2006,

     pp. 196, 210

669. 669  John Brown Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society, Manuscripts Division

670. 670  Sons of Providence, the Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution by Charles Rappleye, Simon and Shuster, New York, 2006, pp. 196, 210, 284

671. 671  The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 178-187

672. 672  John Brown Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society, Manuscripts Division

673. 673  Sons of Providence, the Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution by Charles Rappleye, Simon and Shuster, New York, 2006,

     pp. 314-315

674. 674  The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 178-187

675. 675  The American Slave Trade: an account of its origin, growth and suppression by John Randolph Spears, C. Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1900, p. 116

676. 676  John Brown Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society, Manuscripts Division

677. 677  The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery by Don E. Fehrenbacher, edited by Ward

     M. Mcafee, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, p. 135

678. 678  Inheriting the Trade: A Northern Family Confronts Its Legacy as the Largest Slave-Trading Dynasty in U.S. History by Thomas Norman Dewolf, Beacon Press, Boston, 2008, p. 59

679. 679  The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 178-187

680. 680  Ibid, pp. 178-187

681. 681  Conjuring Hitler, How Britain and America Made the Third Reich by Guido Giacomo Preparata, Pluto Press, London, England and Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2005, p. 148

682. 682  Reparation for Slavery?: Let’s Resolve the Inequity by Ronald Walters, World and I, Volume: 15, Issue: 4, April 2000, p. 18

683. 683  The Transformation of Rhode Island, 1790-1860 by Peter J. Coleman, Brown University Press, Providence, RI, 1963, p. 101

684. 684  Ibid, pp. 218-219

685. 685  Labor and Textiles: A Study of Cotton and Wool Manufacturing by Robert W. Dunn and Jack Hardy, International Publishers, New York, 1931, pp. 90-91

686. 686  Sweatshops in the Sun: Child Labor on the Farm by Ronald B. Taylor, Beacon Press, Boston, 1973, p. 1

687. 687  Sons of Providence, the Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution by Charles Rappleye, Simon and Shuster, New York, 2006,

     pp. 289-290

688. 688  The Transformation of Rhode Island, 1790-1860 by Peter J. Coleman, Brown University Press, Providence, RI, 1963, pp. 74-75

689. 689  Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and profited from Slavery by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank of the Hartford Courant, The Hartford Courant Company, 2005, pp. 6-12

690. 690  Aspirations and Anxieties: New England Workers and the Mechanized Factory System, 1815-1850 by David A. Zonderman, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 115-116

691. 691  Aspirations and Anxieties: New England Workers and the Mechanized Factory System, 1815-1850 by David A. Zonderman, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 115-116

692. 692  Ibid, p. 243

693. 693  The Factory Movement, 1830-1855 by J. T. Ward, Macmillan, London, 1962, p. 22

694. 694  Ibid, 1962, p. 85

695. 695  Aspirations and Anxieties: New England Workers and the Mechanized Factory System, 1815-1850 by David A. Zonderman, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 115-116

696. 696  Ibid, pp. 115-116

697. 697  Ivory’s Ghosts: The White Gold of History and the Fate of Elephants by John Frederick Walker, Grove Press, 2009, pp. 83-84

698. 698  Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and profited from Slavery by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank of the Hartford Courant, The Hartford Courant Company, 2005, pp. 193-213

699. 699  Ibid, pp. 193-213

700. 700  Colonialism in the Congo Basin, 1880-1940 by Samuel H. Nelson, Ohio University Center for International Studies, Athens, Ohio, 1994, pp.

     51-52

701. 701  Ibid, pp. 51-52

702

Mass Crimes Against Humanity And Genocides: The Congo Free State Genocide: Circa 1895 To 1912, http://www.religioustolerance.org/genocong.htm

703 Ivory’s Ghosts: The White Gold of History and the Fate of Elephants by John Frederick Walker, Grove Press, 2009, p. 136-137

704 Ivory’s Ghosts: The White Gold of History and the Fate of Elephants by John Frederick Walker, Grove Press, 2009, pp. 3, 136 705 Ibid, pp. 3, 136
706 Ibid, pp. 193-213
707 Ibid, pp. 193-213

708 Ibid, pp. 193-213

709 Heart of darkness by Joseph Conrad, Courier Dover Publications, New York, 1990, p. 14

710 Glitter & Greed, the Secret World of the Diamond Cartel by Janine Roberts, The Disinformation Company, New York, 2003, pp. 20-23

711 Ibid, pp. 20-23

712 Ibid, pp. 20-23

713 Ibid, pp. 20-23

714 Anglo-American Corporation of South Africa, http://anglo-american-south-africa.production.investis.com/about-us/our-history.aspx

715 Glitter & Greed, the Secret World of the Diamond Cartel by Janine Roberts, The Disinformation Company, New York, 2003, pp. 20-23

716 Ibid, pp. 20-23

717 Ibid, pp. 20-23

718 Growing Your Business in Emerging Markets: Promise and Perils by John A. Caslione and Andrew R. Thomas, Quorum Books, Westport, Connecticut, 2000, pp. 92-93

719 The Little African History Book - Black Africa from the Origins of Humanity by Chukwunyere Kamalu, p. 115

720 Patrice Lumumba, and the Independence of the Congo from Belgium by Dr. D’Lynn Waldron, http://www.dlwaldron.com/Lumumba.html

721 The Washington Post, CIA Releases Files On Past Misdeeds by Karen DeYoung and Walter Pincus, June 27, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/26/AR2007062600861.html?hpid=topnews

722 The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance edited by M. Annette Jaimes, South End Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1992, pp. 271-272

723 Ibid, pp. 271-272

724 Ibid, pp. 271-272

725 Native America, Discovered and Conquered – Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny by Robert J. Miller, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2008, pp. 3-5

726 Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, Washington, D.C., Wednesday, March 4, 1801, http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres16.html

727 Native America, Discovered and Conquered – Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny by Robert J. Miller, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2008, pp. 59-60

728 The Louisiana State Capital Building, http://www.crt.state.la.us/tourism/capitol/capitol.htm

729 Lewis and Clark among the Indians by James P. Ronda, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1988, pp. 2-3

730 The ALR Supplement Series, http://www.evolpub.com/ALR/ALRSupplement.html

731 Lewis and Clark among the Indians by James P. Ronda, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1988, pp. 2-3

732 The ancestry of Abraham Lincoln by James Henry Lea, John Robert Hutchinson, BiblioBazaar, 2009, p. 136

733 Lewis and Clark among the Indians by James P. Ronda, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1988, pp. 2-3

734 Checklist of Rush’s Writings for the American Philosophical Society, Reprinted in Rush’s Medical Inquiries and Observations, vol. I, 1789, 9-56, and in later editions, http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2392

735 Lewis and Clark among the Indians by James P. Ronda, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1988, pp. 2-3

736 Corps of Discovery, http://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/people.htm

737 Ibid

738 Native America, Discovered and Conquered – Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny by Robert J. Miller, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2008, pp. 99-101

739 A Little Matter of Genocide, Holocaust and Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present by Ward Churchill, City Lights Books, San Francisco, 1997, pp. 150-151

740 Native America, Discovered and Conquered – Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny by Robert J. Miller, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2008, pp. 74-76

741 Ibid, pp. 104-106

742 Ibid, pp. 104-106

743 Ibid, pp. 106-107

744 Ibid, pp. 99-101

745 The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition edited by Bruce Elliott Johansen, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1998, pp. 172-173

746 Pagans in the Promised Land, Decoding the Doctrine of Christian Discovery by Steven T. Newcomb, Fulcrum, Golden, Colorado, 2008, p. 11

747 The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance edited by M. Annette Jaimes, South End Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1992, pp. 13-21

748 Ibid, p. 91
749 The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition edited by Bruce Elliott Johansen, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1998, pp.

172-173

750 The Road: Indian Tribes and Political Liberty by Russel Lawrence Barsh and James Youngblood Henderson, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1980, p. 48

751 The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition edited by Bruce Elliott Johansen, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1998, pp. 172-173

752 Ibid, pp. 172-173

753 American Indians, American Justice by Vine Deloria, Jr., and Clifford Lytle, University of Texas Press, 1983, pp. 26–27

754 The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition edited by Bruce Elliott Johansen, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1998, p. 86

755 Ibid, p. 86
756 Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and profited from Slavery by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank of the Hartford

Courant, The Hartford Courant Company, 2005, p. xxvii

757 American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World by David E. Stannard, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, p. 108

758 Ibid, pp. 111-114

759 Ibid, pp. 111-114

760 Ibid, pp. 110-111

761 Ibid, pp. 111-114

762 Ibid, pp. 111-114

763 Ibid, pp. 103-104

764 Ibid, pp. 105-108

765 A Little Matter of Genocide, Holocaust and Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present by Ward Churchill, City Lights Books, San Francisco, 1997, pp. 147-148

766 Ibid, pp. 105-108

767 Ibid, pp. 105-108

768 The American Indian Frontier by William Christie MacLeod, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1928, pp. 186-187

769 Powhatan Uprising of 1622 by History Net Staff American History, June 12, 2006, http://www.historynet.com/powhatan-uprising-of- 1622.htm

770 The American Indian Frontier by William Christie MacLeod, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1928, pp. 186-187
771 American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World by David E. Stannard, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp.

105-108

772 The American Indian Frontier by William Christie MacLeod, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1928, pp. 186-187

773 Ibid, pp. 186-187

774 American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World by David E. Stannard, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 105-108

775 The American Indian Frontier by William Christie MacLeod, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1928, pp. 186-187
776 American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World by David E. Stannard, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp.

105-108
777 Ibid, pp. 105-108

778 Albany Plan of Union 1754, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/albany.asp
779 A Summary View of the Rights of British America by Thomas Jefferson, July 1774, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/jeffsumm.asp 780 Ibid
781 The Declaratory Act, March 18, 1766, http://www.constitution.org/bcp/decl_act.htm

782

783. 783  Ibid

784. 784  Ibid

785. 785  Ibid

786. 786  Ibid

787. 787  Emergence from Illusion, a Memoir of Ricardo Johansson, , lulu.com, 2010, pp. 67-69

788. 788  Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790-1800 by Eugene Perry Link, Columbia University Press, New York, 1942, pp. 48-49

789. 789  Ibid, p. 18

790. 790  Hidden History: Little-known Financier Helped Revolution by Robert Watson Ph.D. March 22, 2009, http://www.thelangreport.com/brain- food/hidden-history-little-known-financier-helped-revolution/

791. 791  Ibid

792. 792  What About Those Pilgrims by Eric Samuelson in response to our inquiry as to whether the Pilgrim Society of the United States and the English-Speaking Union were formed by Cecil Rhodes’ Milner Round Table Group as part of its purpose to federate the English-speaking peoples and to bring all habitable portions of the world under control of a British and American Commonwealth, http://watch.pair.com/pilgrim.html

793. 793  Rothschild Banking Trust by George Armstrong, Omni Publications, Palmdale, California, 1940, p. 36

794. 794  His Excellency: George Washington by Joseph J. Ellis, First Vintage Books, New York, 2005, p. 204

795. 795  Financial Background - The Beginning Of Monetary Control Final Warning: A History Of The New World Order by David Allen Rivera, Conspiracy Books, An Imprint of InteliBooks Publishers, Oakland, California, pp. 120, 122

796. 796  A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day by Glyn Davies, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, Wales, 2002, pp. 468-470

797. 797  Bureau of the Public Debt, the 18th Century, http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/history/1700.htm

798. 798  Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790-1800 by Eugene Perry Link, Columbia University Press, New York, 1942, p. 45

799. 799  Ibid, p. 54

800. 800  Ibid, pp. 48-49

801. 801  Ibid, pp. 48-49

802. 802  Ibid, pp. 48-49

803. 803  Emergence from Illusion, a Memoir of Ricardo Johansson, lulu.com, 2010, pp. 67-69

804. 804  Ibid, pp. 16-17

805. 805  Ibid, pp. 67-69

806. 806  Ibid, pp. 67-69

807. 807  Ibid, pp. 67-69

808. 808  Ibid, pp. 76-82

809. 809  Ibid, pp. 76-82

810. 810  Ibid, pp. 76-82

811. 811  Ibid, pp. 76-82

812. 812  Ibid, pp. 76-82

813. 813  Ibid, pp. 76-82

814. 814  The Constitution of the United States of America, 1846 by W. Hickey, Second Edition, T. K. & P. G. Collins, Philadelphia, 1847, Preface, p. 4

815. 815  Emergence from Illusion, a Memoir of Ricardo Johansson, lulu.com, 2010, pp. 76-82

816

817 Ibid

The Bait and Switch History of Fraud by Ricardo Johansson, June 2, 2009, full version, MS Word Document www.upworldgov.org/oms/wsite/gov/documents/gov_documents/site/baitandswitchfullversion.doc

The Bait and Switch History of Fraud by Ricardo Johansson, June 2, 2009, full version, MS Word Document www.upworldgov.org/oms/wsite/gov/documents/gov_documents/site/baitandswitchfullversion.doc

818. 818  Emergence from Illusion, a Memoir of Ricardo Johansson, Endorsed by the Will of the People Project, lulu.com, 2010, pp. 17-19

819. 819  Ibid, pp. 83-87

820

821. 821  Ibid

822. 822  Ibid

823. 823  Illinois Legislative Glossary, http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/glossary.asp

824. 824  Ibid

825. 825  Ibid

826. 826  Emergence from Illusion, a Memoir of Ricardo Johansson, lulu.com, 2010, pp. 83-87

827

828. 828  Emergence from Illusion, a Memoir of Ricardo Johansson, Endorsed by the Will of the People Project, lulu.com, 2010, p. 35

829. 829  Crown Privilege and Executive Privilege: A British Response to an American Controversy by Mauro Cappelletti and C. J. Golden, Jr.,

     Stanford Law Review, Volume 25, No. 6, June 1973, pp. 836-844

830. 830  America’s Democracy in Crisis: Is “Executive Privilege” Undemocratic by Prof John Kozy, Global Research, November 3, 2009, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=15914

831. 831  A Brief History of Executive Privilege, From George Washington Through Dick Cheney by Michael C. Dorf, Wednesday, February 6, 2002, http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dorf/20020206.html

832. 832  Ibid

833. 833  Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 by Williams Nisbet Chambers, Oxford University Press, New

     York, 1963, p. 80

834. 834  The Controversy of Zion by Douglas Reed, Dolphin Press, Durban, South Africa, 1978, p. 116

835. 835  Conspiracy of Deceit by Joe Barrus, Chief Executive Officer, Constitutional Concepts Foundation, 2009, pp. 85-86

836. 836  The Missing 13th Amendment, “Titles Of Nobility” And “Honor,” by David Dodge, edited by Alfred Adask, 1991, http://www.w3f.com/patriots/13/13th-01.html

837. 837  Ibid

838. 838  Ibid

839. 839  U.S. Constitution, Article 1 - The Legislative Branch, Section 10 - Powers Prohibited of States

840. 840  Ibid

841. 841  Conspiracy of Deceit by Joe Barrus, Chief Executive Officer, Constitutional Concepts Foundation, 2009, p. 87

842. 842  Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 14-20

843. 843  Ibid, p. 14-20

844. 844  The American Career of David Parish by Philip G. Walters and Raymond Walters, Jr., Cambridge University Press, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Nov., 1944), pp. 149-166

845. 845  David Parish and the War of 1812 by J. Mackay Hitsman, Military Affairs, Vol. 26, No. 4, Society for Military History, (Winter, 1962-1963), pp. 171-177

846. 846  The American Career of David Parish by Philip G. Walters and Raymond Walters, Jr., Cambridge University Press, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Nov., 1944), pp. 149-166

847. 847  David Parish and the War of 1812 by J. Mackay Hitsman, Military Affairs, Vol. 26, No. 4, Society for Military History, (Winter, 1962-1963), pp. 171-177

848. 848  Ibid), pp. 171-177

849. 849  The Great American Land Bubble: The Amazing Story of Land-Grabbing, Speculations, and Booms from Colonial Days to the Present Time

     by A. M. Sakolski, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1932, pp. 94-97

850. 850  David Parish and the War of 1812 by J. Mackay Hitsman, Military Affairs, Vol. 26, No. 4, Society for Military History, (Winter, 1962-1963), pp. 171-177

The Bait and Switch History of Fraud by Ricardo Johansson, June 2, 2009, full version, MS Word Document www.upworldgov.org/oms/wsite/gov/documents/gov_documents/site/baitandswitchfullversion.doc

The Bait and Switch History of Fraud by Ricardo Johansson, June 2, 2009, full version, MS Word Document www.upworldgov.org/oms/wsite/gov/documents/gov_documents/site/baitandswitchfullversion.doc

851 Ibid, pp. 171-177
852 David Parish and the War of 1812 by J. Mackay Hitsman, Military Affairs, Vol. 26, No. 4, Society for Military History, (Winter, 1962-1963),

pp. 171-177
853 The American Career of David Parish by Philip G. Walters and Raymond Walters, Jr., Cambridge University Press, The Journal of

Economic History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Nov., 1944), pp. 149-166

854 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 14-20

855 Ibid, pp. 14-20

856 Dope, Inc., Britain’s Opium War Against the US by Konstandinos Kalimtgis, David Goldman, Jeffrey Steinberg, Ben Franklin Booksellers, 1986, pp. 38-39

857 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, pp. 57-58

858 John Jacob Astor: America’s First Multimillionaire by Axel Madsen, Wiley, New York, 2001, p. 73

859 The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 149-152

860 Dope, Inc.: Britain’s Opium War Against the U.S. by Executive Intelligence Review, Leesburg, Virginia 1992, p. 40

861 Jews and the American Slave Trade by Saul S. Friedman, Transaction Publishers, New Jersey, 1998, p. 208

862 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 14-20

863 The American Career of David Parish by Philip G. Walters and Raymond Walters, Jr., Cambridge University Press, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Nov., 1944), pp. 149-166

864 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 20-24 865 Emergence from Illusion, a Memoir of Ricardo Johansson, lulu.com, 2010, pp. 77-79
866 Ibid, pp. 17-19
867 Ibid, pp. 17-19

868 Ibid. pp. 77-79
869 Native America, Discovered and Conquered – Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny by Robert J. Miller, University of

Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2008, pp. 136-137 870 Ibid, pp. 136-137

871 First Great Triumph, How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power by Warren Zimmerman, a Yale graduate and a Fulbright Scholar, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2002, pp. 32-33

872 Race, the History of an Idea in America by Thomas F. Gossett, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 1963, p. 310

873 Ibid, pp. 192-194

874 The Secret Treaty of Verona: A Newspaper Forgery by T. R. Schellenberg, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Sep., 1935), pp. 280-291

875 Ibid, pp. 280-291

876 Ibid, pp. 280-291

877 Ibid, pp. 280-291

878 Ibid, pp. 280-291

879 Treaties and topics in American diplomacy By Freeman Snow, Boston book Co., 1894, pp. 245-246

880 The Secret Treaty of Verona: A Newspaper Forgery by T. R. Schellenberg, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Sep., 1935), pp. 280-291

881 Expansionist of 1898 by Julius Pratt, John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1836, p. 2
882 Anglo-Saxon Supremacy by John Lincoln Brandt, The Gorham Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1915, Sponsored by the Astor, Lenox and

Tilden Foundations, New York, pp. 174-176

883 Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution by Antony C. Sutton, Buccaneer Books, Cutchogue, New York, 1993, pp. 33, 131

884 Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business by Harold C. Livesay, Longman, an Imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., New York, 2000, pp. 36-37

885 Imperial Washington, the Story of American Public Life From 1870 to 1920 by R. F. Pettigrew, Charles H. Kerr & Company, Chicago,

1922, pp. 10-11

886. 886  American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell edited by Edward S. Mihalkanin, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, p. 393

887. 887  Millard Fillmore: a bibliography by John E. Crawford, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, Connecticut, 2002, p. 108

888. 888  The First Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific, Union Pacific by John Debo Galloway, Simmons-Boardman, New York, 1950, p. 37

889. 889  Lincoln Unmasked, What You’re Not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006, pp. 109-111

890. 890  Letter To Robert Schuyler, Esq., President Of The Illinois Central Railroad, On The Value Of The Public Lands Of Illinois by Robert Rantoul, Jr., One Of The Directors, Press Of Damrell & Moore, Boston, 1851, pp. 1-2, 36

891. 891  Panic on Wall Street: A History of America’s Financial Disasters by Robert Sobel, Macmillan, New York, 1968, pp. 89-90

892. 892  Building the Transcontinental Railway, http://www.geocities.com/railstudents/building.html

893. 893  Report Of The Select Committee On The Pacific Railroad And Telegraph, Including a Minority Report & Proposed Pacific Railroad Acts, 34th Congress, 1st Session, 1856, 34th Congress, House Of Representatives. Report 1st Session, No. 358, Pacific Railroad and Telegraph, August 16, 1856

894. 894  U.S. Supreme Court, Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company v. Ward, 67 U.S. 2 Black 485 (1862) Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company v. Ward

895. 895  Building the Transcontinental Railway, http://www.geocities.com/railstudents/building.html

896. 896  The Buying of the President by Charles Lewis and the Center for Public Integrity, Avon Books, 1996, p. 17

897. 897  Ibid, 1996, p. 17

898. 898  Biographical sketches of the leading men of Chicago by John Carbutt, Joseph Meredith, Wilson & St. Clair, Publishers, 1868, p. 668

899. 899  Lincoln Unmasked, What You’re Not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006, pp. 109-111

900. 900  The First Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific, Union Pacific by John Debo Galloway, Simmons-Boardman, New York, 1950, p. 183

901. 901  Ibid, pp. 5, 231, 235

902. 902  Imperial Washington, the Story of American Public Life From 1870 to 1920 by R. F. Pettigrew, Charles H. Kerr & Company, Chicago, 1922, pp. 16-20

903. 903  The First Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific, Union Pacific by John Debo Galloway, Simmons-Boardman, New York, 1950, pp. 59- 60

904. 904  The First Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific, Union Pacific by John Debo Galloway, Simmons-Boardman, New York, 1950, pp. 59- 60

905. 905  Ibid, pp. 59-60

906. 906  The First Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific, Union Pacific by John Debo Galloway, Simmons-Boardman, New York, 1950, pp. 86,

     89, 144

907. 907  Ibid, p. 180

908. 908  Imperial Washington, the Story of American Public Life From 1870 to 1920 by R. F. Pettigrew, Charles H. Kerr & Company, Chicago, 1922, pp. 16-20

909. 909  The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History by Carlos Arnaldo Schwantes, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1996, p. 175

910. 910  Werner von Siemens: Inventor and International Entrepreneur by Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Ohio State University Press, 1992, p. 127

911. 911  The Rich And The Super-Rich, A Study in the Power of Money Today by Ferdinand Lundberg, Lyle Stuart, Inc., New York, 1968, p. 197

912. 912  The Northern Pacific Road, New Directors Elected—President Villard’s Report Of A Year’s Progress, The New York Times, September 22, 1882, p. 8

913. 913  JewishEncyclopedia,http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=317&letter=S

914. 914  Ibid

915. 915  Ibid

916

The History of J. P. Morgan Chase & Co., 200 Years of Leadership in Banking,

www.jpmorganchase.com/pdfdoc/jpmc/about/history/shorthistory.pdf

917 The Magnitude of J. P. Morgan by John Steele Gordon, American Heritage Magazine, July/August 1989, Volume 40, Issue 5

918

The History of J. P. Morgan Chase & Co., 200 Years of Leadership in Banking,

www.jpmorganchase.com/pdfdoc/jpmc/about/history/shorthistory.pdf

919. 919  Annual report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office by United States, General Land Office, pp. 60-61

920. 920  Imperial Washington, the Story of American Public Life From 1870 to 1920 by R. F. Pettigrew, Charles H. Kerr & Company, Chicago, 1922, pp. 16-17

921. 921  Debate On Pacific Roads; Mr. Pettigrew Charges that 1,000,000 Acres of Land Have Been Stolen, New York Times, May 18, 1897, p. 4

922. 922  Imperial Washington, the Story of American Public Life From 1870 to 1920 by R. F. Pettigrew, Charles H. Kerr & Company, Chicago,

     1922, pp. 10-11

923. 923  The Migration of British Capital to 1875 by Leland Hamilton Jenks, A. A. Knopf, New York, 1927, p. 424

924. 924  The Magnitude of J. P. Morgan by John Steele Gordon, American Heritage Magazine, July/August 1989, Volume 40, Issue 5

925. 925  Ibid

926. 926  Ibid

927. 927  The Law That Never Was, The fraud of the 16th Amendment and personal income tax by Bill Benson, Volume II, Constitutional Research Association, 1985, pp. 122-135

928. 928  Ibid, pp. 122-135

929. 929  Andrew Jackson - The Border Captain by Marquis James, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1933, p. 3

930. 930  Jackson’s Way: Andrew Jackson and the People of the Western Waters by John Buchanan, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001, p. 115

931. 931  Andrew Jackson - The Border Captain by Marquis James, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1933, pp. 57-58

932. 932  Jackson’s Way: Andrew Jackson and the People of the Western Waters by John Buchanan, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001, pp. 115- 116

933. 933  The Cherokees: A Population History by Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp and Nancy Breen, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1992, p. 39

934. 934  Socks, Stocks Wrenches, Deposits Cars, Loans Hamburgers, Computers by Steve Cocheo, ABA Banking Journal, Volume: 89. Issue: 7, 1997, p. 7

935. 935  Did Aaron Burr Really Try to Take Over Half of America? by Jon Grinspan, May 22, 2007, American Heritage, http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20070522-aaron-burr-thomas-jefferson-alexander-hamilton-james-wilkinson- louisiana-territory-john-marshall-treason.shtml

936. 936  Jackson’s Way: Andrew Jackson and the People of the Western Waters by John Buchanan, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001, p. 177

937. 937  The passions of Andrew Jackson by Andrew Burstein, Random House, Inc., New York, 2003, pp. 73-77

938. 938  Letters of Mrs. Ann Biddle Wilkinson from Kentucky, 1788-1789 By Ann Biddle Wilkinson, Kessinger Publishing, 2006, Whitefish, Montana, pp. 36-40

939. 939  Andrew Jackson - The Border Captain by Marquis James, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1933, pp. 137-138

940. 940  Jackson’s Way: Andrew Jackson and the People of the Western Waters by John Buchanan, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001, pp. 179-

     182

941. 941  Andrew Jackson - The Border Captain by Marquis James, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1933, pp. 137-138

942. 942  Political Ponerology, a Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes by Andrew M. Lobaczewski, Red Pill Press, Grande Prairie, AB, 2009, p. 58

943. 943  They were White and they were Slaves, the Untold History of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America by Michael A. Hoffman II, The Independent History & Research Company, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, 1991, pp. 18-20

944. 944  The White Slaves of England by Robert Harborough Sherard, James Bowden, London, England, 1897, p. 62

945. 945  Letters on the Masonic Institution by John Quincy Adams, Press of T. R. Marvin, Boston, 1847, pp. 32-33, 254

946. 946  American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell edited by Edward S. Mihalkanin, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, pp. 328-329

947. 947  Ibid, pp. 504-505

948. 948  The Federalist Years to the Civil War, Volume: 1 by Philip H. Burch Jr., Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 132-143

949. 949  The Politics of Apolitical Culture: The Congress for Cultural Freedom, the CIA and Post-War American Hegemony by Giles Scott-Smith,

Routledge, London, 2002, pp. 41-42

950 The difference is about our land: Cherokees and Catawbas by Jim L. Sumner, North Carolina Museum of History, Tar Heel Junior Historian 32, #1, Fall 1992, pp. 23-27

951 Ibid, pp. 23-27

952 Ibid, pp. 23-27

953 Ibid, pp. 23-27

954 Ibid, pp. 23-27

955 Ibid, pp. 23-27

956 The Cherokees: A Population History by Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp, and Nancy Breen, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1992, pp. 37-39

957 Ibid, pp. 37-39
958 The difference is about our land: Cherokees and Catawbas by Jim L. Sumner, North Carolina Museum of History, Tar Heel Junior Historian

32, #1, Fall 1992, pp. 23-27

959 The Cherokees: A Population History by Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp, and Nancy Breen, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1992, pp. 37-39

960 Ibid, pp. 37-39
961 The difference is about our land: Cherokees and Catawbas by Jim L. Sumner, North Carolina Museum of History, Tar Heel Junior Historian

32, #1, Fall 1992, pp. 23-27 962 Ibid, pp. 23-27

963 The Cherokees: A Population History by Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp, and Nancy Breen, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1992, pp. 47-49

964 Indian Removal, 1814 – 1858, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html

965 Documents of United States Indian Policy edited by Francis Paul Prucha, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1975, p. 37

966 John M. Berrien and the Administration of Andrew Jackson by Thomas P. Govan, Southern Historical Association, The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 5, No. 4, November 1939, pp. 447-467

967 The Federalist Years to the Civil War, Volume: 1 by Philip H. Burch Jr., Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 140-144
968 John M. Berrien and the Administration of Andrew Jackson by Thomas P. Govan, Southern Historical Association, The Journal of Southern

History, Vol. 5, No. 4, November 1939, pp. 447-467

969 The Cherokees: A Population History by Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp, and Nancy Breen, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1992, pp. 56-59

970 American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell edited by Edward S. Mihalkanin, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, pp. 200-205

971 The Federalist Years to the Civil War, Volume: 1 by Philip H. Burch Jr., Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 140-144
972 Documents of United States Indian Policy edited by Francis Paul Prucha, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, third edition

published in 2000, p. 44-47

973 The Cherokees: A Population History by Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp, and Nancy Breen, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1992, pp. 56-59

974 A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett of the State of Tennessee by Davy Crockett, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1987, p. xxii

975 The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance edited by M. Annette Jaimes, South End Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1992, pp. 13-21

976 The Cherokees: A Population History by Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp, and Nancy Breen, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1992, pp. 56-59

977 The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance edited by M. Annette Jaimes, South End Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1992, pp. 13-21

978 The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians by Francis Paul Prucha, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1984, 57

979 The Federalist Years to the Civil War, Volume: 1 by Philip H. Burch Jr., Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 140-144

980 American Indian policy in the Jacksonian era By Ronald N. Satz, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1974, p. 97

981 Documents of United States Indian Policy edited by Francis Paul Prucha, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1975, p. 71

982 The Cherokees: A Population History by Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp, and Nancy Breen, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1992, pp. 56-59

983 Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and profited from Slavery by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank of the Hartford Courant, The Hartford Courant Company, 2005, pp. 6-12

984 History of the Santee Sioux: United States Indian Policy on Trial by Roy W. Meyer, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1993, p. 72

985 American Mobbing, 1828-1861: Toward Civil War by David Grimsted, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, pp. 5-7
986 The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance by M. Annette Jaimes, South End Press, Boston, Massachusetts,

1992, pp. 33-34 987 Ibid, pp. 33-34

988 A Little Matter of Genocide, Holocaust and Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present by Ward Churchill, City Lights Books, San Francisco, 1997, p. 86

989 A Little Matter of Genocide, Holocaust and Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present by Ward Churchill, City Lights Books, San Francisco, 1997, pp. 129, 133, 135

990 American Mobbing, 1828-1861: Toward Civil War by David Grimsted, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, pp. 5-7

991 Ibid, pp. 5-7

992 Presidential Campaigns by Paul F. Boller Jr., Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, pp. 53-70

993 American Mobbing, 1828-1861: Toward Civil War by David Grimsted, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, pp. 5-7

994 The Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle by Nicholas Biddle, edited by Reginald C. McGrane, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston & New York, 1919, p. 93

995 Ibid, p. 109
996 Ibid, pp. 106-107
997 Andrew Jackson, Second Annual Message, December 6, 1830, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29472

998 Ibid
999 The Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle by Nicholas Biddle, edited by Reginald C. McGrane, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston & New

York, 1919, p. 138 1000 Ibid, p. 139

1001 Ibid, pp. 129-130
1002 Robbing the Poor to Aid the Rich: Roger B. Taney and the Bank of Maryland Swindle by David Grimsted, The Supreme Court Historical

Society, 1987 Yearbook, p. 103 http://www.supremecourthistory.org/publications/images/SCHS_publications-1987.pdf 1003 Ibid

1004 Lewis Cass by Andrew C. McLaughlin, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1891, pp. 149-151
1005 Ibid, pp. 149-151
1006 The Jacksonian Economy by Peter Temin, W. W. Norton, New York, 1969, p. 60
1007 The Federalist Years to the Civil War, Volume: 1 by Philip H. Burch Jr., Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 140-144 1008 Ibid, pp. 132-143

1009 Ibid, pp. 140-144

1010 Ibid, pp. 132-143

1011 Ibid, pp. 132-143

1012 Presidential Campaigns by Paul F. Boller Jr., Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, pp. 53-70

1013 Lewis Cass by Andrew C. McLaughlin, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1891, p. 151

1014 The Federalist Years to the Civil War, Volume: 1 by Philip H. Burch Jr., Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 132-143

1015 Robbing the Poor to Aid the Rich: Roger B. Taney and the Bank of Maryland Swindle by David Grimsted, The Supreme Court Historical Society, 1987 Yearbook, pp. 61-62 http://www.supremecourthistory.org/publications/images/SCHS_publications-1987.pdf

1016 Ibid

1017 Ibid

1018 Ibid

1019 Presidential Campaigns by Paul F. Boller Jr., Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, 1996, p. 55

1020 Conspiracy theories in American history: an encyclopedia, Volume 2 by Peter Knight, ABC-CLIO, Inc. Santa Barbara, California, 2003, pp. 361-362

1021 The Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle by Nicholas Biddle, edited by Reginald C. McGrane, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston & New York, 1919, p. vii

1022 American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell edited by Edward S. Mihalkanin, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, pp. 200-205

1023 Ibid, pp. 200-205

1024 The Federalist Years to the Civil War, Volume: 1 by Philip H. Burch Jr., Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 132-143

1025 Banking Takes a Beating by William Blaylock; Christopher Redman; Adam Zagorin; Stephen Koepp, December 3, 1984, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923769-3,00.html

1026 Niles Weekly Register, Political, Historical, Geographical, Scientifical, Statistical, Economical and Biographical; Documents, Essays and Facts, together with Notices of the Arts and Manufactures and a Record of the Events of the Times, From March 1834 to September, 1834, Vol. X, Fourth Series, 478 pages, March 1, 1834, Philadelphia Committee, pp. 8-10

1027 Ibid

1028 Ibid, pp. 8-10

1029 Misunderstood Precedent: Andrew Jackson and the Real Case against Censure by James C. Ho, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Volume: 24, Issue: 1, 2000, p. 283

1030 Ibid, 2000, p. 283

1031 Conspiracy theories in American history: an encyclopedia, Volume 2 by Peter Knight, ABC-CLIO, Inc. Santa Barbara, California, 2003, pp. 361-362

1032 Jackson Versus Biddle: The Struggle over the Second Bank of the United States, letters and documents edited by George Rogers Taylor, D. C., Heath, Boston, Massachusetts, 1949, pp. 33-35. The letter was also published years later in the Boston Courier, October 23, 1884

1033 The Authorship of Jackson’s Bank Veto Message by Lynn L. Marshall, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Volume 50, No. 3, December 1963, pp. 466-477

1034 American Mobbing, 1828-1861: Toward Civil War by David Grimsted, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, pp. 4-7

1035 The Jacksonian Economy by Peter Temin, W. W. Norton, New York, 1969, p. 15

1036 A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, pp. 13-17

1037 History of the Church edited by B. H. Roberts, Deseret Book, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1902, Volume 4, pp. 24-38, 52-73

1038 United States Jewry, 1776-1985 by Jacob Rader Marcus, Wayne State University Press, Michigan, 1989, pp. 176-177

1039 The Jews of the United States, 1790-1840: A Documentary History, edited by Joseph L. Blau and Salo W. Baron, Columbia University Press, New York, 1963, p. 280

1040 Jewish life in small-town America by Lee Shai Weissbach, Yale University Press, New Haven Connecticut, 2005, p. 37
1041 Campaigner Special Report No. 24: The U.S. Labor Party’s Freeman Goes to Congress, Campaigner Special Report, Campaigner

Publications Inc., New York, p. 7

1042 Gentile Folly: the Rothschilds by Arnold Leese, Reception, February 17, 1937, on his return from prison where he was consigned for his writings, p. 14

1043 Campaigner Special Report No. 24: The U.S. Labor Party’s Freeman Goes to Congress, Campaigner Special Report, Campaigner Publications Inc., New York, p. 7

1044 A Treasury of American-Jewish Folklore by Lion Koppman and Steve Koppman, Jason Aronson Inc. Publishers, 1996, p. 16

1045 Ibid, p. 16

1046 The Making of an American Jewish Community: The History of Baltimore Jewry from 1773 to 1920 by Isaac M. Fein, Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1971, pp. 22-23

1047 The Jews of the United States, 1790-1840: A Documentary History edited by Joseph L. Blau, Salo W. Baron, Columbia University Press, New York, 1963, p. 53

1048 Notorious in the Neighborhood: An Interracial Family in Early National and Antebellum Virginia by Joshua D. Rothman; Journal of Southern History, Volume 67, 2001

1049 United States Jewry, 1776-1985 by Jacob Rader Marcus, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1991, pp. 27-28
1050 The Jews of the United States, 1790-1840: A Documentary History edited by Joseph L. Blau, Salo W. Baron, Columbia University Press,

New York, 1963, p. 141

1051 The Federalist Years to the Civil War, Volume: 1 by Philip H. Burch Jr., Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 132, 142

1052 The Jews of the United States, 1790-1840: A Documentary History edited by Joseph L. Blau, Salo W. Baron, Columbia University Press, New York, 1963, p. 118

1053 Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume 15 by Maryland Historical Society, March 1920, pp. 1-5

1054 Ibid, pp. 1-5

1055 The Making of an American Jewish Community: The History of Baltimore Jewry from 1773 to 1920 by Isaac M. Fein, Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1971, p. 17

1056 Ibid, p. 23

1057 United States Jewry, 1776-1985 by Jacob Rader Marcus, Wayne State University Press, Michigan, 1989, pp. 176-177

1058 The Making of an American Jewish Community: The History of Baltimore Jewry from 1773 to 1920 by Isaac M. Fein, Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1971, pp. 22-23

1059 Cohen Collection, 1773-1945, Maryland Historical Society, Manuscripts Department, 201 West Monument Street, Baltimore Maryland, 21201-4674

1060 The House of Rothschild, Money’s Prophets: 1798-1848 by Niall Ferguson, Penguin Books, New York, 1999, p. 324
1061 The Jews of the United States, 1790-1840: A Documentary History, edited by Joseph L. Blau and Salo W. Baron, Columbia University

Press, New York, 1963, pp. 143-149 1062 Ibid, pp. 143-149

1063 Ibid, pp. 147-149

1064. 1064  The Pressure of 1836: The International Origins of the Panic in 1837 by Jessica Lepler, PEAES Conference 2007, Library Company of Philadelphia, p. 1-11

1065. 1065  Ibid, Library Company of Philadelphia, p. 1-11

1066. 1066  The Making of an American Jewish Community: The History of Baltimore Jewry from 1773 to 1920 by Isaac M. Fein, Jewish Publication

      Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1971, pp. 22-23

1067. 1067  Ibid, pp. 24-25

1068. 1068  A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, pp. 13-17

1069. 1069  Ibid, pp. 21, 23

1070. 1070  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, pp. 21-22

1071. 1071  Ibid, pp. 12-13

1072. 1072  Ibid, pp. 25-26

1073. 1073  A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, pp. 13-17

1074. 1074  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, p. 23

1075. 1075  Hitler: Born at Versailles, Volume 1, of the Hitler Century by Leon Degrelle, Institute for Historical Review, Torrance, California, 1992, p. 213

1076. 1076  The Secrets of the Federal Reserve by Eustace Mullins, John McLaughlin, 1993, pp. 44-45

1077. 1077  Ibid, pp. 67-74

1078. 1078  The Secrets of the Federal Reserve by Eustace Mullins, John McLaughlin, 1993, pp. 53

1079. 1079  Ibid, pp. 57-58, 61

1080. 1080  A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, p. 459

1081. 1081  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, pp. 62-67

1082. 1082  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, pp. 62-67

1083. 1083  Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction by James L. Roark, Norton, New York, 1977, p. 51

1084. 1084  Ibid, pp. 39-41

1085. 1085  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, pp. 62-67

1086. 1086  Ibid, pp. 67-75

1087. 1087  Ibid, pp. 67-74

1088. 1088  Ibid, p. 80

1089. 1089  Ibid, pp. 82-91

1090. 1090  Uniforms of the Civil War: an illustrated guide for historians, collectors, and reenactors by Ron Field and Robin Smith, Globe Pequot, 2005, p. 172

1091. 1091  Confederate industry: manufacturers and quartermasters in the Civil War by Harold S. Wilson, University Press of Mississippi, 2002, p. 134

1092. 1092  Bitterly Divided, the South’s Inner Civil War by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2008, pp. 85-91

1093. 1093  The Unseen Hand by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1985, p. 162

1094. 1094  The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, p. 232

1095. 1095  Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction by James L. Roark, Norton, New York, 1977, p. 52-54

1096. 1096  John C. Calhoun to Virgil Maxcy, September 11, 1830. Galloway-Maxcy-Markoe Papers, volume 35, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress

1097

President Jackson’s Nullification Proclamation (1832), http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/archive/resources/documents/ch11_03.htm

1098. 1098  Andrew Jackson, Fourth Annual Message to Congress (December 4, 1832), http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3637

1099. 1099  Andrew Jackson – Nullification, http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Andrew-Jackson-Nullification.html

1100. 1100  The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854. Volume: 1 by William W. Freehling, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, p. 281

1101. 1101  Andrew Jackson – Nullification, http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Andrew-Jackson-Nullification.html

1102. 1102  Ibid

1103. 1103  Primary Documents in American History Nullification Proclamation, http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Nullification.html

1104. 1104  The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854. Volume: 1 by William W. Freehling, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, p. 281

1105. 1105  Ibid, p. 281

1106. 1106  The Nullification Crisis, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan13.html#nullification

1107. 1107  Andrew Jackson – Nullification, http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Andrew-Jackson-Nullification.html

1108. 1108  Ibid

1109. 1109  Ibid

1110. 1110  President James Knox Polk, 1845, http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/jkpolk1845.cfm

1111. 1111  The Year of Decision, 1846 by Bernard Devoto, Little, Brown, Boston, Massachusetts, 1943, pp. 13-14

1112. 1112  Ibid, pp. 13-14

1113. 1113  Ibid, pp. 13-14

1114. 1114  The War With Mexico, Volume 1 by Justin Harvey Smith, Norwood Press, J. S. Cushing Co., Berwick & Smith Co., Norwood, Massachusetts, 1919, pp. 334-335

1115. 1115  The Year of Decision, 1846 by Bernard Devoto, Little, Brown, Boston, Massachusetts, 1943, pp. 13-14

1116. 1116  Ibid, pp. 16-17

1117. 1117  The Mexican War Journal of Captain Franklin Smith edited by Joseph E. Chance, Jackson University Press Mississippi, 1991, pp. xi, 241, 279

1118. 1118  The Year of Decision, 1846 by Bernard Devoto, Little, Brown, Boston, Massachusetts, 1943, p. 28

1119. 1119  The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/ghtreaty/

1120. 1120  The War With Mexico, Volume 1 by Justin Harvey Smith, Norwood Press, J. S. Cushing Co., Berwick & Smith Co., Norwood, Massachusetts, 1919, pp. 334-335

1121. 1121  Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 49-50

1122. 1122  John A. Quitman in the Texas Revolution by James H. McLendon, The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 2, October 1848, p.

      163

1123. 1123  The Handbook or Texas, John Anthony Quitman, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/QQ/fqu7.html

1124. 1124  Filibusters and Freemasons: The Sworn Obligation by Antonio de la Cova, Journal of the Early Republic, Spring 1997, Volume 17, No. 1, pp. 95-120, http://www.roebuckclasses.com/201/conquest/freemasons.htm

1125. 1125  Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 by Robert M. Utley, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1981, p. 1

1126

Quitman, John Anthony. John Anthony Quitman papers: Guide, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou00385

1127. 1127  James K. Polk, Third Annual Message, Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives, December 7, 1847, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29488&st=&st1=

1128. 1128  Ibid

1129. 1129  The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/ghtreaty/

1130. 1130  The ‘Reconquista’—Mexico’s Dream of ‘Retaking’ the Southwest by John Tiffany of the Barnes Review, March 20, 2001, http://www.mnforsustain.org/aztlan_reconquesta_historical_context.htm

1131. 1131  The Rise of Merchant Banking By Stanley Chapman, Taylor and Francis, Great Britain, 1984, pp. 22, 43

1132. 1132  Some Big Men And Notable Achievements, All About Coffee by William H. Ukers, The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, New

      York, 1922, p. 531

1133. 1133  The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/ghtreaty/

1134. 1134  Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 by Robert M. Utley, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1981, p. 59

1135 The Freemasons in America, Inside the Secret Society by H. Paul Jeffers, Kensington Publishing Corp., New York, 2006, pp. 124-129

1136 Two Faces of Freemasonry by John Daniel, Day Publishing, Longview, Texas, 2007, p. 287

1137 Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader by Glyndon G. Van Deusen, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1953, p. 119

1138 The Freemasons in America, Inside the Secret Society by H. Paul Jeffers, Kensington Publishing Corp., New York, 2006, pp. 124-129

1139 America’s Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones by Antony Sutton, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2002, pp. 34-35

1140 The Freemasons in America, Inside the Secret Society by H. Paul Jeffers, Kensington Publishing Corp., New York, 2006, pp. 124-129 1141 Ibid, pp. 124-129
1142 The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, p. 230 1143 New York Times, June 30, 1991, section 4, p. 7

1144 American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell edited by Edward S. Mihalkanin, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, pp. 135-138

1145 Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 by Robert M. Utley, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1981, pp. 16-17

1146 Ibid, pp. 10-11
1147 A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States by Richard Alan Nelson, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1996,

p. 15

1148 Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 by Robert M. Utley, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1981, p. 13

1149 Ibid, pp. 10-12
1150 Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 by Robert M. Utley, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln,

Nebraska, 1981, pp. 15-16
1151 New York Times, Never Was A Mason; Jefferson Davis’s Reply To An Indirect Attack On Freemasonry, January 8, 1886, p. 1 1152 Everything Is Under Control: Conspiracies, Cults, and Cover-ups by Robert A. Wilson, Collins, 1998, pp. 39-40

1153 La Lucha for Cuba: Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami by Miguel A. De La Torre, University of California Press, Berkeley, California,

2003, p. 157

1154 Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 by Robert M. Utley, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1981, pp. 10-12

1155 The New York Times, June 12, 1856, p. 2
1156 New Orleans Mardi Gras Mystick Krewe of Comus Secrets Revealed by Mini L. Eustis given to her by her father, Samuel Todd Churchill

on his deathbed, http://www.mardigrassecrets.com/index.html

1157 Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 by Robert M. Utley, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1981, p. 14

1158 The Anti-Masonic Party in the United States, 1826–1843 by William P. Vaughn, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 1983, p. 56

1159 The Start of Chicago’s Maritime History – The I&M Canal by Ron Vasile, http://www.canalcor.org/alngcnl.html
1160 The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War by Michael F. Holt, Oxford University

Press, New York, 1999, p. 69

1161 The Real Lincoln, a New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His agenda, and an Unnecessary War by Thomas DiLorenzo, Three Rivers Press, New York, 2002, pp. 74-75, 83

1162 The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War by Michael F. Holt, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, p. 288

1163 The Law, the Classic Blueprint for a Just Society by Frederic Bastiat, Foundation for Economic Education, New York, 1998, pp.23-24
1164 The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War by Michael F. Holt, Oxford University

Press, New York, 1999, p. 108

1165 The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, pp. 71-72, 148

1166. 1166  Ibid, pp. 71-72

1167. 1167  The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War by Michael F. Holt, Oxford University

      Press, New York, 1999, p. 129

1168. 1168  Ibid, 1999, p. 246

1169. 1169  Monetary Policy in the United States: an Intellectual and Institutional History by Richard H. Timberlake, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1978, pp. 67-76

1170. 1170  The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War by Michael F. Holt, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, p. 70

1171. 1171  Ibid, pp. 70, 308

1172. 1172  The New Nationalism by Theodore Roosevelt, Ernest Hamlin Abbott, Norwood Press, Norwood, Massachusetts, 1910, pp. 264-265

1173. 1173  The Unseen Hand by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1985, p. 152

1174. 1174  J. P. Morgan’s Interest in Göttingen, The New York Times, July 16, 1903, p. 9

1175. 1175  Freedom, a Fading Illusion by Charles Merlin Umpenhour, BookMakers Ink, West Virginia, 2005, pp. 221-223

1176. 1176  Henry Clay and the American System by Maurice G. Baxter, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 1995, p. 209

1177. 1177  The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, http://www.constitution.org/cons/kent1798.htm

1178

Thomas Jefferson’s Inaugural Address, Milestone Documents, http://www.milestonedocuments.com/document_detail.php? id=54&more=fulltext

1179. 1179  The General Court of Massachusetts on the Embargo, February 22, 1814, http://www.constitution.org/hames/sdfr.htm

1180. 1180  Taking a Stand, Portraits From the Southern Secession Movement by Walter Brian Cisco, White Mane Books, Pennsylvania, 1998, pp. 17-

      20

1181. 1181  Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings by Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler, World Publishing, Cleveland, Ohio, 1946, p. 209

1182. 1182  When in the Course of Human Events, Arguing the Case for Southern Secession by Charles Adams, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maryland, 2000, pp. 12-16

1183. 1183  The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, p. 163

1184

James Buchanan, Fourth Annual Message, December 3, 1860, Miller Center, University of Virginia, http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3735

1185. 1185  Ibid

1186. 1186  A Constitutional History of Secession by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2005, p. 287

1187. 1187  Judah P. Benjamin by Pierce Butler, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1980, pp. 37-38

1188. 1188  Causes of the Civil War in America by John Lothrop Motley, Cox and Witman, Printers, Great Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 1861, p. 10

1189. 1189  Ibid, p. 30

1190. 1190  Ibid, p. 10

1191. 1191  Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, p. 45

1192. 1192  The correspondence of John Lothrop Motley, Volume 2 by John Lothrop Motley and George William Curtis, William Clowes And Son, London 1889, p. 27

1193. 1193  When in the Course of Human Events, Arguing the Case for Southern Secession by Charles Adams, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maryland, 2000, pp. 12-16

1194. 1194  Ibid, pp. 12-16

1195. 1195  The Counter-Revolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology of Antebellum South Carolina by Manisha Sinha, The University of North

      Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2000, pp. 1-6

1196. 1196  Ibid, pp. 1-6

1197. 1197  William Pitt and the Great War by John Holland Rose, Chiswick Press, Charles Whittingham and Co., London, 1911, p. 13

1198. 1198  Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, pp. 135-136, 188

1199 World Revolution, the Plot Against Civilization by Nesta H. Webster, Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, 1921, p. 39

1200 The Controversy of Zion by Douglas Reed, Dolphin Press, Durban, South Africa, 1978, p. 115

1201 The Underground History of American Education: A School Teacher’s Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling by John Taylor Gatto, Oxford Village Press, 2000, pp. 114, 184

1202 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 282

1203 Ibid, p. 80

1204 Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies by John Robison, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2003 (originally published in 1798), pp. 41, 233

1205 Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, Volume IX, London, Spottiswoode and Company, 1881, p. 34
1206 The concept of popular education: a study of ideas and social movements in the early nineteenth century by Harold Silver, Taylor &

Francis, 1977, pp. 77-78

1207 The English Jacobins: Reformers in Late 18th Century England by Carl B. Cone, Transaction Publishers, 1968, 2010, pp. 125-126

1208 Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, Volume IX, London, Spottiswoode and Company, 1881, pp. 171-172

1209 Ibid, pp. 171-172

1210 The English Jacobins: Reformers in Late 18th Century England by Carl B. Cone, Transaction Publishers, 1968, 2010, p. 189

1211 The Oxford History of the United States, 1783-1917 by Samuel Eliot Morison, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1927, pp. 218-219

1212 Taking a Stand, Portraits From the Southern Secession Movement by Walter Brian Cisco, White Mane Books, Pennsylvania, 1998, pp. 15- 18

1213 The Oxford History of the United States, 1783-1917 by Samuel Eliot Morison, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1927, p. 387

1214 Supreme Court Justices, Samuel Chase (1741-1811), http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/chasesam.htm

1215 Taking a Stand, Portraits From the Southern Secession Movement by Walter Brian Cisco, White Mane Books, Pennsylvania, 1998, pp. 3-7

1216 The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina by Manisha Sinha, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC, 2000, p. 17

1217 James Butler Bonham: A Consistent Rebel by Milledge L. Bonham, Jr., Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 35, Number 2, 1932
1218 Francis W. Pickens and the Politics of Destruction by John B. Edmunds Jr., University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North

Carolina, 1986, pp, 7-8

1219 All God’s Children by Fox Butterfield, Harper Collins, New York, 1996, pp. 25-26

1220 Francis W. Pickens and the Politics of Destruction by John B. Edmunds Jr., University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1986, pp, 7-8

1221 Ibid,pp,9,227
1222 The Counter-Revolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology of Antebellum South Carolina by Manisha Sinha, The University of North

Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2000, p. 17

1223 Francis W. Pickens and the Politics of Destruction by John B. Edmunds Jr., University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1986, pp. 88-89

1224 The Counter-Revolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology of Antebellum South Carolina by Manisha Sinha, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2000, p. 17

1225 Taking a Stand, Portraits From the Southern Secession Movement by Walter Brian Cisco, White Mane Books, Pennsylvania, 1998, pp. 3-7 1226 The Counter-Revolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology of Antebellum South Carolina by Manisha Sinha, The University of North

Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2000, p. 17

1227 The Oxford History of the United States, 1783-1917 by Samuel Eliot Morison, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1927, p. 387

1228 The Counter-Revolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology of Antebellum South Carolina by Manisha Sinha, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2000, p. 17

1229 The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854. Volume: 1 by William W. Freehling, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, pp. 256-257

1230 Confederate Industry: Manufacturers and Quartermasters in the Civil War by Harold S. Wilson, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi, 2002, p. xxii

1231 A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, pp. 13-17

1232 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, p. 164
1233 The Counter-Revolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology of Antebellum South Carolina by Manisha Sinha, The University of North

Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2000, pp. 1-6

1234 Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States by Otto H. Olsen, Civil War History, Volume: 50, Issue: 4, 2004, p. 401+

1235 Confederate Industry: Manufacturers and Quartermasters in the Civil War by Harold S. Wilson, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi, 2002, p. xxii

1236 Ibid, pp. 3-8

1237 Ibid, pp. 42,

1238 Ibid, pp. 3-8

1239 Louisianians in the Civil War, Edited by Lawrence Lee Hewitt and Arthur W. Bergeron Jr., University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 2002, pp. 22-23

1240 Age of Propaganda, the Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion by Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson, University of California, Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1992, pp. 9-10

1241 Blood Money: the Civil War and the Federal Reserve by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2006, pp. 44-45

1242 The Father of Spin, Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of Public Relations by Larry Tye, Henry Hold & Co., New York, 1998, p. 7

1243 The Town That Started the Civil War by Nat Brandt, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1990, pp. 35-36

1244 Ibid, pp. 35-36

1245 12 Decisive Battles of the Mind: The Story of Propaganda during the Christian Era, with Abridged Versions of Texts That Have Shaped History by Gorham Munson, Greystone Press, New York, 1942, pp. 119-140

1246 NEA: Trojan Horse in American Education by Samuel Blumenfeld, The Paradigm Company, 1984, p. 27

1247 An Underground History of American Education: A Schoolteacher’s Intimate Investigation into the Problem of Modern Schooling by John Taylor Gatto, Oxford Village Press; 2000, pp. 169-170

1248 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, pp. 376-381
1249 Encyclopedia of Freemasonry By Albert Gallatin Mackey, H. L. Haywood, Robert Ingham Clegg, Kessinger Publishing LLC, Whitefish,

Montana, 2003, p. 753

1250 German Influence in American Education and Culture by John A. Walz, Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1936, pp. 13-21

1251 Harriet Beecher Stowe By Ryan P. Randolph, Rosen Publishing Group, New York, 2004, pp. 33-34, 69-71 1252 Ibid, pp. 101, 111-112, 116
1253 NEA: Trojan Horse in American Education by Samuel Blumenfeld, The Paradigm Company, 1984, p. 16 1254 Ibid, p. 27

1255 Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics by Frederick J. Blue, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1987, pp. 7-10 1256 Ibid, p. 23
1257 Ibid, pp. 91-97
1258 Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Richard Cavendish, History Today, Volume: 51, Issue: 6, June 2001, p. 54 1259 The publishing history of Uncle Tom’s cabin, 1852-2002, By Claire Parfait, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p. 14 1260 Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics by Frederick J. Blue, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1987, p. 54

1261 Uncle Tom’s Cabin: The National Era Text: http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/uncletom/eratoc.html
1262 12 Decisive Battles of the Mind: The Story of Propaganda during the Christian Era, with Abridged Versions of Texts That Have Shaped

History by Gorham Munson, Greystone Press, New York, 1942, pp. 119-140

1263 The publishing history of Uncle Tom’s cabin, 1852-2002, By Claire Parfait, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p. 30

1264 Blood Money, the Civil War and the Federal Reserve by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana, 2006, pp. 29- 30

1265 Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Richard Cavendish, History Today, Volume: 51, Issue: 6, June 2001, p. 54

1266 Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics by Frederick J. Blue, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1987, pp. 122

1267 Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War by Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer, G.W. Jacobs & Company, Philadelphia, 1907, pp. 275-276

1268 AConstitutionalHistoryofSecessionbyJohnRemingtonGraham,PelicanPublishingCompany,Gretna,Louisiana,2002,pp.,174-175

1269 Blood Money, the Civil War and the Federal Reserve by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2006, p. 29

1270 12 Decisive Battles of the Mind: The Story of Propaganda during the Christian Era, with Abridged Versions of Texts That Have Shaped History by Gorham Munson, Greystone Press, New York, 1942, pp. 119-140

1271 Rethinking Uncle Tom By W. B. Allen, Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland, 2009, pp. 171-172
1272 Harriet Beecher Stowe: The Story of Her Life by Charles Edward Stowe and Lyman Beecher Stowe, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1911, p.

203

1273 Men of Our Times; or Leading Patriots of the Day by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hartford Publishing Company, Hartford, Connecticut, 1868, p. 82

1274 Blood Money, the Civil War and the Federal Reserve by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2006, p. 77

1275 American Jewry and the Civil War by Bertram Wallace Korn, Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1951, p. 4
1276 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln,

Nebraska, 2007, p. 88 1277 Ibid, pp. 124-126

1278 Karl Marx: The Story of His Life by Franz Mehring, translated by Edward Fitzgerald, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1962, p. 222

1279 Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America by Carl Wittke, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1952, pp. 169-170

1280 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, pp. 33-34

1281 Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America by Carl Wittke, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1952, pp. 171-173

1282 Ibid, pp. 170-171

1283 The American Socialist Movement, 1897-1912 by Ira Kipnis, Columbia University Press, New York, 1952, p. 6

1284 The political ideas of the utopian socialists by Keith Taylor, Frank Cass and Company Limited, Totowa, New Jersey, 1982, pp. 190-191

1285 Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America by Carl Wittke, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1952. p. 4

1286 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, pp. 125-126

1287 Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America by Carl Wittke, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1952, pp. 168-169

1288 Ibid, p. 62
1289 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln,

Nebraska, 2007, pp. 32-33

1290 Address to the National Labour Union of the United States in 1869 by Karl Marx, May 11, 1969

1291 The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, Volume One (1829-1852), The McClure Company, 1907, p. 90

1292 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, pp. 80-81

1293 The Demands of the Communist Party in Germany, Marx and Engels, Central Committee of the Communist League in Paris during the last week of March 1848

1294 German history in Marxist perspective: the East German approach By Andreas Dorpalen, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1985, p. 120

1295 Political Messianism: The Romantic Phase by J. L. Talmon, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1961, p. 282

1296 Europe Looks at the Civil War: An Anthology edited by Belle Becker Sideman and Lillian Friedman, Orion Press, New York, 1960, p. 14

1297 Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America by Carl Wittke, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1952, p. 4

1298 Margarethe Meyer Schurz, 1832 – 1876 by Susan Fleming, Jewish Women’s Archive, http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/schurz- margarethe-meyer

1299 Freemasons: a history and exploration of the world’s oldest secret society by Harry Paul Jeffers, Kensington Publishing Corp., New York, 2005, p. 102

1300 The Photographic History of the Civil War, Armies and leaders By Robert Sampson Lanier, The Trow Press, New York, 1911, Volume 10, p. 214

1301 The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Register of the Papers of Carl Schurz, 1841-1915

1302 Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln edited by Frederick C. Luebke, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1971, pp. 18-19

1303 Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America by Carl Wittke, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1952, pp. 214-215

1304 Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln edited by Frederick C. Luebke, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1971, pp. 18-19 1305 The Photographic History of the Civil War, Armies and leaders By Robert Sampson Lanier, The Trow Press, New York, 1911, Volume 10,

p. 214

1306 Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America by Carl Wittke, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1952, pp. 214-215

1307 Ibid, pp. 214-215
1308 Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln edited by Frederick C. Luebke, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1971, p. 3
1309 Ibid, p. 95
1310 Ibid, pp. 8-11
1311 Ibid, pp. 8-11
1312 Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America by Carl Wittke, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania, 1952, pp. 213-214

1313. 1313  The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, p. 162

1314. 1314  Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership edited by Gary W. Gallagher, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1999, p. 49

1315. 1315  The First Day at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership edited by Gary W. Gallagher, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1992, p. 64

1316. 1316  Ibid, p. 66

1317. 1317  Lincoln Reconsidered, Essays on the Civil War Era by David Donald, Vintage Books, New York, 1956, p. 69

1318. 1318  The Royal Secret in America Before 1801 by S. Brent Morris, 33°, Grand Cross, p. 9, http://www.morningstarconsistory.com/PDF/The- Royal-Secret-in-America-Before-1801.pdf

1319. 1319  10,000 Famous Freemasons from A to J By William R. Denslow, Harry S. Truman, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, p. 23

1320. 1320  Ibid, p. 115

1321. 1321  Political corruption in America: an encyclopedia of scandals, power, and greed by Mark Grossman, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California, 2003, p. 118

1322. 1322  The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, pp. 163-165

1323. 1323  History of the Great American Fortunes By Gustavus Myers, Charles H. Kerr, Chicago, 1937, pp. 322, 160-161

1324. 1324  Star of the West Gained Fame as First to Draw Fire, The Legionary, Lt. General Wade Hampton Camp, No. 273, Sons of the Confederate Veterans, Columbia, South Carolina, June, 2005

1325. 1325  Ibid,2005

1326. 1326  Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings by Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler, World Publishing, Cleveland, Ohio, 1946, p.

      577

      Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, Miller Center, University of Virginia, http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3507

1327

1328. 1328  Ibid

1329. 1329  The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, Volume 1 by Jefferson Davis, D. Appleton & Company, New York, 1881, p. 282

1330. 1330  When in the Course of Human Events, Arguing the Case for Southern Secession by Charles Adams, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maryland, 2000, pp. 20-25

1331. 1331  Mr. Lincoln’s Navy by Richard S. West, Jr., Longmans Green and Company, New York, 1957, p. 17

1332. 1332  Final Warning, a History of the New World Order by David Allen Rivera, Conspiracy Books, Oakland, California, 1984, p. 207

1333. 1333  Statesman of the Lost Cause - Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet by Burton J. Hendrick, The Literary Guild of America, Inc., New York, 1939, p. 106

1334. 1334  When in the Course of Human Events, Arguing the Case for Southern Secession by Charles Adams, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maryland, 2000, pp. 20-

1335. 1335  A youth’s history of the great civil war in the United States, from 1861 to 1865 by Rushmore G. Horton, Van Evrie, Horton & Company, New York, 1868, pp. 110-111

1336. 1336  Freedom, a Fading Illusion by Charles Merlin Umpenhour, BookMakers Ink, West Virginia, 2005, pp. 221-223

1337. 1337  An Autobiography of Abraham Lincoln: Consisting of the Personal Portions of His Letters, Speeches, and Conversations compiled by

      Nathaniel Wright Stephenson, authored by Abraham Lincoln, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, 1926, p. 242

1338. 1338  The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century by Eric Markusen, David Kopf, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1995, p. 26

1339. 1339  Sons of Confederate Veterans, 10 Causes Of The Civil War, http://www.thecitizen.com/~citizen0/node/10857

1340. 1340  Governor at Odds with His State by F.N. Boney, The Washington Times, August 29, 1998. p. 3

1341. 1341  Freedom, a Fading Illusion by Charles Merlin Umpenhour, BookMakers Ink, West Virginia, 2005, pp. 221-223

1342. 1342  The Unseen Hand by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1985, pp. 155-165

1343. 1343  A Century of War, Lincoln, Wilson & Roosevelt by John V. Denson, Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Alabama 2006, p. 83

1344. 1344  Mr. Lincoln’s Navy by Richard S. West, Jr., Longmans Green and Company, New York, 1957, pp. 19-20

1345 A Youth’s History of the Great Civil War in the United States, from 1861 to 1865 by Rushmore G. Horton, Van Evrie, Horton & Company, New York, 1868, pp. 113-114

1346 Ibid, pp. 113-114

1347 The Military-Telegraph Service, http://www.civilwarhome.com/telegraph.htm

1348 The Law, the Classic Blueprint for a Just Society by Frederic Bastiat, Foundation for Economic Education, New York, 1998, pp.23-24

1349 Banking and Currency and the Money Trust by Charles A. Lindbergh, National Capital Press, Inc., Washington, DC, 1913, p. 32

1350 British Chartists in America, 1839-1900 by Ray Boston, Manchester University Press, Manchester, England, 1971, pp. 43, 78, 90, 96

1351 Carnegie by Peter Krass, Wiley, New York, 2002, p. 65

1352 The Military-Telegraph Service, http://www.civilwarhome.com/telegraph.htm, Accessed June 2009

1353 Lincoln in the Telegraph Office Recollections of the United States Military Telegraph Corps during the Civil War by David Homer Bates, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1995, pp. 135-137

1354 The United States in Central America, 1860-1911: Episodes of Social Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System by Thomas D. Schoonover, Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 1991, p. 29

1355 America’s Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones by Antony Sutton, Trine Day 2002, pp. 107-109
1356 Lincoln in the Telegraph Office Recollections of the United States Military Telegraph Corps during the Civil War by David Homer Bates,

University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1995, pp. 93-94

1357 Carnegie by Peter Krass, Wiley, New York, 2002, pp. 66-67

1358 Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business by Harold C. Livesay, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., New York, 2000, pp. 69-82

1359 Building the Transcontinental Railway, http://www.geocities.com/railstudents/building.html

1360 Carnegie by Peter Krass, Wiley, New York, 2002, p. 76

1361 Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: a History of the American Civil War By Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Open Court Publishing, Peru, Illinois, 1996, p. 236

1362 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, p. 79

1363 Ibid, p. 79

1364 Rhodes and Rhodesia: the white conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884-1902 by Arthur Keppel-Jones, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal, 1983, pp. 112-113

1365 Fast Food Nation, the Dark Side of the All-American Meal by Eric Schlosser, Harper Perennial, 2002, pp. 133-147 1366 AP: Meat Packing Plant In Fresno, Calif. Was Granted A Reduced Citation On Appeal, CBS News, April 30, 2008 1367 Blood, Sweat, and Fear Workers’ Rights in U.S. Meat and Poultry Plants, Human Rights Watch, 2004
1368 Tyson to open chicken processing plant in China by Bloomberg AP and Staff Reports, February 2, 2008

1369 On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861-1871 edited by Stig Förster and Jorg Nagler, German Historical Institute 1997, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2002, pp. 357-359

1370 Age of Propaganda, the Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion by Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson, Henry Holt and company, New York, 2001, p. 50

1371 On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861-1871 edited by Stig Förster and Jorg Nagler, German Historical Institute 1997, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2002, pp. 357-359

1372 Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 95-96
1373 Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Volume 2, edited by Roy P. Basler, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1953, p.

461

1374 A Constitutional History of Secession by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2005, pp. 265-266

1375 Ibid, pp. 264-265

1376 Blood Money: the Civil War and the Federal Reserve by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2006, p. 25

1377 British Chartists in America, 1839-1900 by Ray Boston, Manchester University Press, Manchester, England, 1971, pp. 26, 78, 81 1378 The Confederate Congress by Wilfred Buck Yearns, University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, 1960, p. 1

1379 Defeat of ‘Slavocrats’ Part of Marx’s World Vision by Greg Pierce, The Washington Times, February 7, 1998, p. 3

1380 A Constitutional History of Secession by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2005, pp. 265-266

1381 On the Road to Total War, The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861-1871 edited by Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler, German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. and Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997, pp. 141-143

1382 Drawn With the Sword by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press US, New York, 1996, p.78
1383 Recollections of the Civil War: With the Leaders at Washington and in the Field in the Sixties by Charles A. Dana, University of Nebraska

Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1996, 180

1384 Age of Propaganda, the Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion by Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson, Henry Holt and company, New York, 2001, p. 53

1385 Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell edited by Edward S. Mihalkanin, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2004, pp. 188-190

1386 Abraham Lincoln, the Orator: Penetrating the Lincoln Legend by Lois J. Einhorn, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1992, p. 71

1387 No Treason, the Constitution of No Authority by Lysander Spooner, Published by the author, Boston, 1867, Introduction

1388 The Real Lincoln, A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War by Thomas DiLorenzo, Three Rivers Press, New York, p. 130

1389 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, pp. 27-29

1390 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, pp. 27-29

1391 Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States by Otto H. Olsen, Civil War History, Volume: 50, Issue: 4, 2004, p. 401+

1392 Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings by Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler, World Publishing, Cleveland, Ohio, 1946, pp. 491-492

1393 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, p. 30

1394 When in the Course of Human Events, Arguing the Case for Southern Secession by Charles Adams, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maryland, 2000, pp. 2-6

1395 The Secret Societies of America’s Elite, From the Knights Templar to Skull and Bones by Steven Sora, Destiny Books, 2003, p. 228

1396 Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States, http://www.conservativeusa.org/inaugural/default.htm

1397 A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, pp. 350- 351

1398 Ibid, pp. 370-371

1399 The South Was Right by James D\Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishers, Gretna, Louisiana, 1999, pp. 139-145

1400 The Real Lincoln, a New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Three Rivers Press, New York, 2002, pp. 26-27

1401 Truths of History A Fair, Unbiased, Impartial, Unprejudiced And Conscientious Study Of History by Mildred Lewis Rutherford, Athens, Georgia, Self-published, 1920, p. 4

1402 Lincoln Unmasked, What You are not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006, p. 174

1403 Abraham Lincoln, the Orator: Penetrating the Lincoln Legend by Lois J. Einhorn, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1992, p. 71
1404 Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley By Cuyler Reynolds, William Richard Cutter, 1914, p.

1380

1405 Inside Lincoln’s Cabinet: The Civil War Diaries of Salmon P. Chase by Salmon P. Chase, edited by David Donald, Longmans, Green, New York, 1954, p. 299

1406 The Smithsonian Abolition Lecture Controversy: The Clash of Antislavery Politics with American Science in Wartime Washington by Michael F. Conlin, Civil War History, Volume 46, Issue 4, 2000, p. 300

1407 An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front edited by Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, Fordham University Press, New York, 2002, p. 195

1408 The Dial: A Magazine for Literature, Philosophy, and Religion, http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/ideas/dial.html

1409 Ralph Waldo Emerson by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1885, p. 147

1410 Oliver Wendell Holmes and the Culture of Conversation by Peter Gibian, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2001, p. 52

1411 The Smithsonian Abolition Lecture Controversy: The Clash of Antislavery Politics with American Science in Wartime Washington by Michael F. Conlin, Civil War History, Volume 46, Issue 4, 2000, p. 300

1412 Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 5-6
1413 The Smithsonian Abolition Lecture Controversy: The Clash of Antislavery Politics with American Science in Wartime Washington by

Michael F. Conlin, Civil War History, Volume 46, Issue 4, 2000, p. 300

1414 Lincoln Unmasked, What You’re Not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006, p. 40

1415 British Labor and the American Civil War by Philip S. Foner, Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 11-13 1416 Ibid, pp. 11-12
1417 Ibid, pp. 11-12
1418 Ibid, pp. 22-24

1419 Ibid, pp. 22-24
1420 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln,

Nebraska, 2007, pp. 37-38

1421 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, p. 34

1422 History of Socialism in the United States by Morris Hillquit, Funk, New York, 1910, pp. 55-56 Morris Hillquit (1869-1933), born Moishe Hillkowitz in Riga, Latvia, was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America

1423 Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War by Eric Foner, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995, p. 79

1424 The Unseen Hand by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1985, p. 155-165
1425 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln,

Nebraska, 2007, p. 102

1426 The South Was Right by James Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 1991, pp. 26-27

1427 Lincoln Unmasked, What You are not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006, p. 174

1428 Europe Looks at the Civil War: An Anthology edited by Belle Becker Sideman and Lillian Friedman, Orion Press, New York, 1960, pp. 189-191

1429 The Civil War, An Illustrated History by Geoffrey C. Ward with Ric Burns and Ken Burns, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1991, p. 166

1430 Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 6-8

1431 Springfield Republican, September 24, 1862

1432 The Salmon P. Chase Papers, Volume: 3 by Salmon Chase, edited by John Niven, James P. McClure and Leigh Johnsen, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1993, p. 321

1433 The Real Lincoln, A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War by Thomas DiLorenzo, Three Rivers Press, New York, 2002, pp. 16-20

1434 Ibid, pp. 36-37
1435 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, pp. 170-172 1436 Abraham Lincoln (December 8, 1863), http://www.infoplease.com/t/hist/state-of-the-union/75.html
1437 British Labor and the American Civil War by Philip S. Foner, Holmes & Meier, New York, 1981, pp. 11-13

1438 Karl Marx: The Story of His Life by Franz Mehring, translated by Edward Fitzgerald, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1962,

p. 335 1439 Ibid, p. 356

1440 Defeat of ‘Slavocrats’ Part of Marx’s World Vision by Greg Pierce, The Washington Times, February 7, 1998, p. 3

1441 1864: Lincoln at the Gates of History by Charles Bracelen Flood, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2009, pp. 392-394

1442 Collected State of the Union Addresses of U.S. Presidents, http://www.infoplease.com/t/hist/state-of-the-union/

1443 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, p. 27

1444 Perfectibilists, the 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati by Terry Melanson, Trine Day, Walterville, Oregon, 2009, p. 149 1445 The Controversy of Zion by Douglas Reed, Dolphin Press, Durban, South Africa, 1978, pp. 106-111
1446 Masonry: Beyond the Light by William Schnoebelen, Chick Publishers, Ontario, California, 1991, p. 182
1447 The Two Faces of Masonry by John Daniel, Day Publishing, Longview, Texas, 2007, pp. 398-401

1448 Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 24-25

1449 Lincoln, Machiavelli and American Political Thought by Brian F. Danoff, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Volume 30, Issue 2, 2000, p. 290

1450 A Constitutional History of Secession by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, 2005, p. 305

1451 Emancipating slaves, enslaving free men: a history of the American Civil War By Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Open Court Publishing, Peru, Illinois, 1996, p. 256

1452 The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties by Mark E. Neely Jr., Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, pp. 9, 11 1453 Ibid, pp. 9-10, 49
1454 No Treason, the Constitution of No Authority by Lysander Spooner, Published by the author, Boston, 1867, Introduction
1455 Carnegie by Peter Krass, Wiley, New York, 2002, pp. 62-63

1456 The Military-Telegraph Service, http://www.civilwarhome.com/telegraph.htm, Accessed June 2009
1457 Lincoln in the Telegraph Office Recollections of the United States Military Telegraph Corps during the Civil War by David Homer Bates,

University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1995, pp. 93-94 1458 Ibid, p. 65

1459 The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War by Frank L. Klement, Fordham University Press, New York, 1998, p. 63

1460 Ibid, p. 89

1461 History of the Administration of President Lincoln: Including His Speeches, Letters, Addresses, Proclamations, and Messages, With a Preliminary Sketch of His Life by Henry J. Raymond, J.C. Derby & N.C. Miller, New York, 1864, pp 481-482

1462 Louisianians in the Civil War, Edited by Lawrence Lee Hewitt and Arthur W. Bergeron Jr., University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 2002, pp. 8-15

1463 A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, pp. 379- 380

1464 Louisianians in the Civil War, Edited by Lawrence Lee Hewitt and Arthur W. Bergeron Jr., University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 2002, pp. 8-15

1465 Lincoln, Machiavelli and American Political Thought by Brian F. Danoff, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Volume 30, Issue 2, 2000, p. 290

1466 Ibid, p. 290

1467 Defeat of ‘Slavocrats’ Part of Marx’s World Vision by Greg Pierce, The Washington Times, February 7, 1998, p. 3

1468 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, p. 3

1469 Ibid, pp. 90-91

1470 The Lieber Code of 1863, http://www.civilwarhome.com/liebercode.htm

1471 Defeat of ‘Slavocrats’ Part of Marx’s World Vision by Greg Pierce, The Washington Times, February 7, 1998, p. 3

1472 Karl Marx: The Story of His Life by Franz Mehring, translated by Edward Fitzgerald, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1962, p. 222

1473 Defeat of ‘Slavocrats’ Part of Marx’s World Vision by Greg Pierce, The Washington Times, February 7, 1998, p. 3

1474 Pilgrims by Charles Savoie, Silver Investor, May 2005, www.silver-investor.com/charlessavoie/cs_may05_pilgrims.htm

1475 Red Republicans and Lincoln’s Marxists, Marxism in the Civil War by Walter D. Kennedy and Al Benson, Jr., iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2007, pp. 122-123

1476 Defeat of ‘Slavocrats’ Part of Marx’s World Vision by Greg Pierce, The Washington Times, February 7, 1998, p. 3
1477 Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary edited by Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn,

Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1998, pp. 105-107
1478 The New Harmony Movement by George B. Lockwood, D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1905, p. 3

1479

1480Ibid, pp. 291-292

1481 Two Faces of Freemasonry by John Daniel, Day Publishing, Longview, Texas, 2007, p. 287

1482 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, pp. 61-63

1483 Defeat of ‘Slavocrats’ Part of Marx’s World Vision by Greg Pierce, The Washington Times, February 7, 1998, p. 3

1484 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, pp. 61-66

1485 Ibid, p. 155

1486 Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary edited by Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1998, pp. 105-107

1487 Defeat of ‘Slavocrats’ Part of Marx’s World Vision by Greg Pierce, The Washington Times, February 7, 1998, p. 3

1488 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, pp. 61-66

1489 Ibid, pp. 163-166

1490 Appleton’s Cyclopædia of American Biography edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1887, 1889, Volume 2, p. 737

1491 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, pp. 170-172

1492 Defeat of ‘Slavocrats’ Part of Marx’s World Vision by Greg Pierce, The Washington Times, February 7, 1998, p. 3

1493 Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 67, 78

1494 On the Road to Total War, The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861-1871 edited by Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler, German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. and Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997, pp. 145, 150

1495 Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 82-83
1496 Abraham Lincoln and Men of War-Times: Some Personal Recollections of War and Politics during the Lincoln Administration by

Alexander Kelly McClure, Times Publishing Co., Philadelphia, 1892, p. 431
1497 Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, p. 57

Horace Greeley and Other Pioneers of American Socialism by Charles Sotheran, Humboldt, New York, 1892, p. 291

1498 Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary edited by Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1998, pp. 104-107

1499 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, p. 181

1500 Ibid, p. 182

1501 Ibid, p. 185

1502 Horace Greeley and Other Pioneers of American Socialism by Charles Sotheran, Humboldt, New York, 1892, p. 293

1503 On the Road to Total War, The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861-1871 edited by Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler, German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. and Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997, p. 38

1504 Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 38-39

1505 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, pp. 298-299

1506 On the Road to Total War, The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861-1871 edited by Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler, German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. and Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997, pp. 143-148

1507 Ibid, pp. 29-33

1508 Ibid, pp. 29-33

1509 Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, p. 71

1510 The Life of Charles A. Dana by James Harrison Wilson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1907, pp. 380-381

1511 War Crimes Against Southern Civilians by Walter Brian Cisco, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana 2008, p. 17

1512 The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research, edited by Robin Higham and Steven E. Woodworth, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1996, pp. 379-380

1513 The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century by Eric Markusen and David Kopf, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1995, p. 27

1514 Memoirs of General William T. Sherman by William T. Sherman, D. Appleton, New York, 1876, p. 111

1515 Ibid, p. 227

1516 On the Road to Total War, The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861-1871 edited by Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler, German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. and Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997, pp. 141-143

1517 Lincoln Without Rhetoric by Frank S. Meyer, National Review, August 24, 1965
1518 The South Was Right by James Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 1991, pp.

43-44

1519 War Crimes Against Southern Civilians by Walter Brian Cisco, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2008, p. 17

1520 Series I, Volume XIX/1 [S# 27] September 3-20, 1862, The Maryland Campaign, No. 285, Report of Brig. Gen. William D. Pender, C. S. Army, commanding brigade, of operations September 15-20

1521 The Civil War, An Illustrated History by Geoffrey C. Ward with Ric Burns and Ken Burns, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1991, p. 121

1522 A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861-1865 by Albert Castel, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1958, pp. 104-108

1523 War Crimes Against Southern Civilians by Walter Brian Cisco, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana 2008, pp. 34-35, 37

1524 Order No. 11 and the Civil War on the Border by Albert Castel, Missouri Historical Review 57, State Historical Society of Missouri, July 1963: pp. 357-368

1525 The Unseen Hand by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 1985, pp. 155-165
1526 The South Was Right by James D\Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishers, Gretna, Louisiana, 1999, pp. 128-129 1527 10,000 Famous Freemasons from K to Z By William R. Denslow, Harry S. Truman, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, p. 105
1528 Ben Butler, The South Called Him Beast! by Hans L. Trefousse, Twayne Publishers, New York, 1957, pp. 105-106
1529 Ibid, p. 107
1530 The South Was Right by James D\Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishers, Gretna, Louisiana, 1999, pp. 128-129 1531 Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast! by Hans L. Trefousse, Twayne Publishers, New York, 1957, pp. 125- 126
1532 The South Was Right by James D. Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishers, Gretna, Louisiana, 1999, pp. 128-129

1533 War Crimes Against Southern Civilians by Walter Brian Cisco, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana 2008, p. 123

1534 Ibid, pp. 125-126

1535 A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, pp. 346- 347

1536 A Rejected Alternative: Union Policy and the Relocation of Southern “Contrabands” at the Dawn of Emancipation by V. Jacque Voegeli, Journal of Southern History, Volume: 69, Issue: 4, 2003, p. 765

1537 The South Was Right by James D\Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishers, Gretna, Louisiana, 1999, pp. 139-145

1538 War Crimes Against Southern Civilians by Walter Brian Cisco, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana 2008, p. 181

1539 The South Was Right by James D\Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishers, Gretna, Louisiana, 1999, pp. 139-145

1540 The Real Lincoln, a New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Three River Press, New York, 2002, pp. 188, 190

1541 War Crimes Against Southern Civilians by Walter Brian Cisco, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana 2008, p. 173
1542 Ibid, p. 171
1543 Slavery’s End in Tennessee, 1861-1865 by John Cimprich, University of Alabama Press, University, Alabama, 1985, pp. 56-57

1544 An American Health Dilemma, V.1: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race, Beginnings to 1900, Volume: 1 by W. Michael Byrd and Linda A. Clayton, Routledge, New York, 2000,
pp. 345-346

1545 Conditions in the Contraband Camps, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/learning_history/children_civilwar/contraband_camps.cfm

1546 Memoirs of General William T. Sherman by William T. Sherman, D. Appleton, New York, 1876, p. 339

1547 The Real Lincoln, a New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Three River Press, New York, 2002, pp. 182-183

1548 Ibid, p. 183
1549 Memoirs of General William T. Sherman by William T. Sherman, D. Appleton, New York, 1876, pp. 182-183
1550 War Crimes Against Southern Civilians by Walter Brian Cisco, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana 2008, pp. 140-141 1551 Ibid, pp. 127-128, 130
1552 Memoirs of General William T. Sherman by William T. Sherman, D. Appleton, New York, 1876, pp. 177-178
1553 War Crimes Against Southern Civilians by Walter Brian Cisco, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana 2008, pp. 145, 164

1554 Marching with Sherman: Passages from the Letters and Campaign Diaries of Henry Hitchcock, Major and Assistant Adjutant General of Volunteers, November 1864-May 1865 by Henry Hitchcock, edited by M. A. Dewolfe Howe, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1995, pp. 143-144

1555 Sherman’s March through the Carolinas by John G. Barrett, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1956, p. 36 1556 War Crimes Against Southern Civilians by Walter Brian Cisco, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana 2008, pp. 164-165
1557 A People’s History of the Civil War, Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, The New Press, New York, 2005, p. 345 1558 Abraham Lincoln, Address to Congress, December 6, 1864, http://www.infoplease.com/t/hist/state-of-the-union/76.html

1559 Ibid
1560 Lincoln Unmasked, What You’re Not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006,

pp. 59-60

1561 Jews and the American Slave Trade by Saul S. Friedman, Transaction Publishers, New Jersey, 1998, p. 208

1562 Blacks and Jews on the Couch: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Black-Jewish Conflict edited by Alan Helmreich and Paul Marcus, Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 1998, p. 16

1563 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, p. 34
1564 The Secret World Government or “The Hidden Hand” by General Cherep-Spiridovich, The Anti-Bolshevist Publishing Association, New

York, 1926, pp. 177-178

1565 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, p. 35

1566 A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875 Statutes at Large, 37th Congress, 1st Session,

p. 292 of 1443

1567 Ibid, p. 309 of 1443

1568 Ibid 2nd Session, p. 432 of 1443

1569 Ibid 2nd Session, p. 474 of 1443

1570 Ibid 2nd Session, p. 432 of 1443

1571 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, p. 36

1572 The Secret World Government or “The Hidden Hand” by General Cherep-Spiridovich, The Anti-Bolshevist Publishing Association, New York, 1926, pp. 177-178

1573 The Life of Thaddeus Stevens: A Study in American Political History, Especially in the Period of the Civil War and Reconstruction by James Albert Woodburn, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Paris, 1913, pp. 272-273

1574 The Secret World Government or “The Hidden Hand” by General Cherep-Spiridovich, The Anti-Bolshevist Publishing Association, New York, 1926, pp. 177-178

1575 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, pp. 34-35

1576 None dare Call it Conspiracy by Gary Allen and Larry Abraham, Double A Publications, Seattle, Washington, 1971, p. 48

1577 Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics by Frederick J. Blue, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1987, pp. 147-148, Chase to Belmont, June 19, July 1, 1861, Chase Papers, LC; Belmont to Chase, July 3, 1861

1578 The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War by Heather Cox Richardson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1997, p. 34

1579 Banking and Currency and the Money Trust by Charles A. Lindbergh, National Capital Press, Inc., Washington, DC, 1913, p. 32

1580 Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics by Frederick J. Blue, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1987, p. 153

1581 Ibid, pp. 153-154

1582 Wall Street: A History from Its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron by Charles R. Geisst, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, p. 38

1583 The Unseen Hand, An Introduction into the Conspiratorial View of History by A. Ralph Epperson, Publius Press, Tucson, Arizona, 1985, pp. 152-155

1584 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, pp. 36

1585 The Federal Reserve Conspiracy by Antony C. Sutton, Emissary Publications, Clackamas, Oregon, 1995, pp. 52-53

1586 Ibid, p. 54

1587 The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War by Heather Cox Richardson , Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1997, p. 10

1588 1864: Lincoln at the Gates of History by Charles Bracelen Flood, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2009, pp. 392-394
1589 Blood Money, the Civil War and the Federal Reserve by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana, 2006, pp. 17-

18

1590 Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War by Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer, G.W. Jacobs & Co., Philadelphia, 1907, p. 121

1591 Blood Money, the Civil War and the Federal Reserve by John Remington Graham, Pelican Publishing Co., Gretna, Louisiana, 2006, p. 77

1592 America’s 60 Families by Ferdinand Lundberg, The Citadel Press, 1937, p. 59-64

1593 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, p. 35

1594 The Migration of British Capital to 1875 by Leland Hamilton Jenks, A. A. Knopf, New York, 1927, p. 424

1595 Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War by Howard Jones, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1992, p. 202

1596 The Money Manipulators by June Grem, Enterprise Publications, Inc., Oak Park, Illinois, 1971, p. 35
1597 Our Secret Constitution, How Lincoln Redefined American Democracy by George P. Fletcher, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001,

pp. 4-5
1598 Ibid, pp. 39-40 1599 Ibid, pp. 39-40 1600 Ibid, pp. 39-40

1601. 1601  Ibid, p. 57

1602. 1602  Ibid, p. 55

1603. 1603  The Triumph of American Capitalism: The Development of Forces in American History to the End of the Nineteenth Century by Louis M. Hacker, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1940, p. 358

1604. 1604  Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 141-142

1605. 1605  The Strange Career of the Reconstruction Amendments by Eric Foner, Yale Law Journal, Volume: 108, Issue: 8, 1999, pp. 2003-2009

1606. 1606  Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 141-142

1607. 1607  A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875 Statutes at Large, 39th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 428 of 969

1608. 1608  Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies by John Robison, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2003 (originally published in 1798), p. 77

1609. 1609  The Democratic Movement in Germany, 1789-1914 by John L. Snell, edited by Hans A. Schmitt, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1976, pp. 7-8

1610. 1610  An Underground History of American Education: A Schoolteacher’s Intimate Investigation into the Problem of Modern Schooling by John Taylor Gatto, Oxford Village Press; 2000, p. 37

1611. 1611  Calvinism Versus Democracy: Timothy Dwight and the Origins of American Evangelical Orthodoxy By Stephen E. Berk, Archon Books, 1974, pp. 18, 90, 161-194

1612. 1612  A History Of The Congregational Churches In The United States (1894) by Williston Walker, Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, Montana, 2008, p. 323-324

1613. 1613  An Underground History of American Education: A Schoolteacher’s Intimate Investigation into the Problem of Modern Schooling by John Taylor Gatto, Oxford Village Press; 2000, pp. 169-170

1614. 1614  Biographical sketches of the graduates of Yale college with annals of the college history, Vol. 6, by Franklin Bowditch Dexter, Holt, 1912, pp. 746-747

1615. 1615  America’s Secret Establishments: an Introduction to the Order of Skull and Bones by Antony C. Sutton, Trine Day, 1983, 1986, 2002, p. 63

1616. 1616  Ibid, p. 107

1617. 1617  The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War by Iver Bernstein, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990, p. 156

1618. 1618  Ibid, 1990, p. 156

1619. 1619  Ibid, p. 149

1620. 1620  Lincoln Unmasked, What You’re Not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe by Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Crown Forum, New York, 2006, pp. 59-60

1621. 1621  Ibid, pp. 59-60

1622. 1622  Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary edited by Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn,

      Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1998, pp. 31-33

1623. 1623  Pilgrims by Charles Savoie, Silver Investor, May 2005, www.silver-investor.com/charlessavoie/cs_may05_pilgrims.htm

1624. 1624  The Pilgrim Society: a Study of the Anglo-American Establishment by Joël van der Reijden, Institute for the Study of Globalization & Covert Politics, July 2008, p. 14

1625

Papacy and Freemasonry, Speech by Monseigneur Jouin, December 8, 1930, http://www.upholdingtradition.com/modernproblems/freemasonry/pmasnry.htm

1626. 1626  Papal Condemnations of Freemasonry, http://www.destroyfreemasonry.com/chapter12.htm

1627. 1627  Theologians of a New World Order: Rheinhold Niebuhr and the Christian Realists, 1920-1948 by Heather A. Warren, Oxford University

      Press, 1997, pp. 17-18

1628. 1628  The kingdom is always but coming: a life of Walter Rauschenbusch By Christopher Hodge Evans, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2004, pp. 10-11

1629. 1629  Ibid, pp. 103-104, 106, 121

1630. 1630  Apostasy, The National Council Of Churches by David Emerson Gumaer, http://reformed-theology.org/html/issue07/apostasy.htm

1631. 1631  Theologians of a New World Order: Rheinhold Niebuhr and the Christian Realists, 1920-1948 by Heather A. Warren, Oxford University