Appendix II
THE JEWISH-CONSPIRACY THEORY OF THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION
There is an extensive literature in English, French, and
German reflecting the argument that the Bolshevik Revolution was the result of a
"Jewish conspiracy"; more specifically, a conspiracy by Jewish world
bankers. Generally, world control is seen as the ultimate objective; the
Bolshevik Revolution was but one phase of a wider program that supposedly
reflects an age-old religious struggle between Christianity and the "forces
of darkness."
The argument and its variants can be found in the most
surprising places and from quite surprising persons. In February 1920 Winston
Churchill wrote an article — rarely cited today — for the London Illustrated
Sunday Herald entitled "Zionism Versus Bolshevism." In
this' article Churchill concluded that it was "particularly important...
that the National Jews in every country who are loyal to the land of their
adoption should come forward on every occasion . . . and take a prominent part
in every measure for combatting the Bolshevik conspiracy." Churchill draws
a line between "national Jews" and what he calls "international
Jews." He argues that the "international and for the most atheistical
Jews" certainly had a "very great" role in the creation of
Bolshevism and bringing about the Russian Revolution. He asserts (contrary to
fact) that with the exception of Lenin, "the majority" of the leading
figures in the revolution were Jewish, and adds (also contrary to fact) that in
many cases Jewish interests and Jewish places of worship were
excepted by the Bolsheviks from their policies of seizure. Churchill calls the
international Jews a "sinister confederacy" emergent from the
persecuted populations of countries where Jews have been persecuted on account
of their race. Winston Churchill traces this movement back to
Spartacus-Weishaupt, throws his literary net around Trotsky, Bela Kun, Rosa
Luxemburg, and Emma Goldman, and charges: "This world-wide conspiracy for
the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis
of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has
been steadily growing."
Churchill then argues that this conspiratorial
Spartacus-Weishaupt group has been the mainspring of every subversive movement
in the nineteenth century. While pointing out that Zionism and Bolshevism are
competing for the soul of the Jewish people, Churchill (in 1920) was preoccupied
with the role of the Jew in the Bolshevik Revolution and the existence of a
worldwide Jewish conspiracy.
Another well-known author in the 1920s, Henry Wickham Steed
describes in the second volume of his Through 30 Years 1892-1922 (p. 302)
how he attempted to bring the Jewish-conspiracy concept to the attention of
Colonel Edward M. House and President Woodrow Wilson. One day in March 1919
Wickham Steed called Colonel House and found him disturbed over Steed's recent
criticism of U.S. recognition of the Bolsheviks. Steed pointed out to House that
Wilson would be discredited among the many peoples and nations of Europe and
"insisted that, unknown to him, the prime movers were Jacob Schiff, Warburg
and other international financiers, who wished above all to bolster up the
Jewish Bolshevists in order to secure a field for German and Jewish exploitation
of Russia."1 According to Steed, Colonel House argued for the establishment
of economic relations with the Soviet Union.
Probably the most superficially damning collection of
documents on the Jewish conspiracy is in the State Department Decimal File
(861.00/5339). The central document is one entitled "Bolshevism and
Judaism," dated November 13, 1918. The text is in the form of a report,
which states that the revolution in Russia was engineered "in February
1916" and "it was found that the following persons and firms were
engaged in this destructive work":
| (1) Jacob
Schiff |
Jew |
|
(2) Kuhn, Loeb & Company |
Jewish Firm |
| Management: |
Jacob Schiff |
Jew |
|
Felix Warburg |
Jew |
|
Otto H. Kahn |
Jew |
|
Mortimer L. Schiff |
Jew |
|
Jerome J. Hanauer |
Jew |
|
(3) Guggenheim |
Jew |
|
(4) Max Breitung |
Jew |
|
(5) Isaac Seligman |
Jew |
The report goes on to assert that there can be no doubt that
the Russian Revolution was started and engineered by this group and that in
April 1917
Jacob Schiff in fact made a public announcement and it was
due to his financial influence that the Russian revolution was successfully
accomplished and in the Spring 1917 Jacob Schitf started to finance Trotsky, a
Jew, for the purpose of accomplishing a social revolution in Russia.
The report contains other miscellaneous information about Max
Warburg's financing of Trotsky, the role of the Rheinish-Westphalian syndicate
and Olof Aschberg of the Nya Banken (Stockholm) together with Jivotovsky. The
anonymous author (actually employed by the U.S. War Trade Board)2 states that the
links between these organizations and their financing of the Bolshevik
Revolution show how "the link between Jewish multi-millionaires and Jewish
proletarians was forged." The report goes on to list a large number of
Bolsheviks who were also Jews and then describes the actions of Paul Warburg,
Judus Magnes, Kuhn, Loeb & Company, and Speyer & Company.
The report ends with a barb at "International
Jewry" and places the argument into the context of a Christian-Jewish
conflict backed up by quotations from the Protocols of Zion. Accompanying this
report is a series of cables between the State Department in Washington and the
American embassy in London concerning the steps to be taken with these
documents:3
5399 Great Britain, TEL. 3253 i pm
October 16, 1919 In Confidential File
Secret for Winslow from Wright. Financial aid to Bolshevism
& Bolshevik Revolution in Russia from prominent Am. Jews: Jacob
Schiff,
Felix Warburg, Otto Kahn, Mendell Schiff, Jerome Hanauer, Max Breitung
& one of the Guggenheims. Document re- in possession of
Brit. police authorities from French sources. Asks for any facts re-.
* * * * *
Oct. 17 Great Britain TEL.
6084, noon r c-h 5399 Very secret. Wright
from Winslow. Financial aid to Bolshevik revolution in Russia from
prominent Am. Jews. No proof re- but investigating. Asks to urge
Brit. authorities to suspend publication at least until receipt of
document by Dept.
* * * * *
Nov. 28 Great Britain TEL. 6223 R 5 pro. 5399
FOR WRIGHT. Document re financial aid to Bolsheviki by
prominent American jews. Reports — identified as French translation of a
statement originally prepared in English by Russian citizen in Am. etc. Seem
most unwise to give — the distinction of publicity.
It was agreed to suppress this material and the files conclude,
"I think we have the whole thing in cold storage."
Another document marked "Most Secret" is included
with this batch of material. The provenance of the document is unknown; it is
perhaps FBI or military intelligence. It reviews a translation of the Protocols
of the Meetings of the Wise Men of Zion, and concludes:
In this connection a letter was sent to Mr. W. enclosing a
memorandum from us with regard to certain information from the American Military
Attache to the effect that the British authorities had letters intercepted from
various groups of international Jews setting out a scheme for world dominion.
Copies of this material will be very useful to us.
This information was apparently developed and a later British
intelligence report makes the flat accusation:
SUMMARY: There is now definite evidence that Bolshevism is an
international movement controlled by Jews; communications are passing
between the leaders in America, France, Russia and England with a
view to concerted action....4
However, none of the above statements can be supported with
hard empirical evidence. The most significant information is contained in the
paragraph to the effect that the British authorities possessed "letters
intercepted from various groups of international Jews setting out a scheme for
world dominion." If indeed such letters exist, then they would provide support (or nonsupport)
for a presently unsubstantiated hypothesis: to wit, that the Bolshevik
Revolution and other revolutions are the work of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy.
Moveover, when statements and assertions are not supported by
hard evidence and where attempts to unearth hard evidence lead in a circle back
to the starting point — particularly when everyone is quoting everyone else —
then
we must reject the story as spurious. There is no concrete evidence that Jews
were involved in the Bolshevik Revolution because they were Jewish. There
may indeed have been a higher proportion of Jews involved, but given tsarist
treatment of Jews, what else would we expect? There were probably many
Englishmen or persons of English origin in the American Revolution fighting the
redcoats. So what? Does that make the American Revolution an English conspiracy?
Winston Churchill's statement that Jews had a "very great role" in the
Bolshevik Revolution is supported only by distorted evidence. The list of Jews
involved in the Bolshevik Revolution must be weighed against lists of non-Jews
involved in the revolution. When this scientific procedure is adopted, the
proportion of foreign Jewish Bolsheviks involved falls to less than twenty
percent of the total number of revolutionaries — and these Jews were mostly
deported, murdered, or sent to Siberia in the following years. Modern Russia has
in fact maintained tsarist anti-Semitism.
It is significant that documents in the State Department
files confirm that the investment banker Jacob Schiff, often cited as a source
of funds for the Bolshevik Revolution, was in fact against support of the
Bolshevik regime.5 This position, as we shall see, was in direct contrast to the
Morgan-Rockefeller promotion of the Bolsheviks.
The persistence with which the Jewish-conspiracy myth has
been pushed suggests that it may well be a deliberate device to divert attention
from the real issues and the real causes. The evidence provided in this book
suggests that the New York bankers who were also Jewish had relatively minor
roles in supporting the Bolsheviks, while the New York bankers who were also
Gentiles (Morgan, Rockefeller, Thompson) had major roles.
What better way to divert attention from the real operators
than by the medieval bogeyman of anti-Semitism?
Footnotes:
1See Appendix 3 for Schiff's actual
role.
2The anonymous author was a Russian
employed by the U.S. War Trade Board. One of the three directors of the U.S. War
Trade Board at this time was John Foster Dulles.
3U.S. State Dept. Decimal File,
861.00/5399.
4Great Britain, Directorate of
Intelligence,
A Monthly Review of the Progress of Revolutionary Movements
Abroad, no. 9, July 16, 1913 (861.99/5067).
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