| Preventive Medicine 19869
|
This study examined nearly 78,700 women aged 50-69 for one year.
Artificial sweetener usage increased with relative weight, and users
were significantly more likely to gain weight, compared to those who did not use artificial sweeteners—regardless of their initial weight.
According to the researchers, the results "were not explicable by
differences in food consumption patterns. The data do not support the
hypothesis that long-term artificial sweetener use either helps weight
loss or prevents weight gain." |
| Physiology and Behavior, 198810 |
In this study, they determined that intense (no- or low-calorie)
sweeteners can produce significant changes in appetite. Of the three
sweeteners tested, aspartame produced the most pronounced effects. |
| Physiology and Behavior, 199011 |
Here, they found that aspartame had a time-dependent effect on
appetite, "producing a transient decrease followed by a sustained
increase in hunger ratings." |
| Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 199112 |
In a study of artificial sweeteners performed on college students,
there was no evidence that artificial sweetener use was associated with a
decrease in their overall sugar intake either. |
| International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 200313 |
This study, which looked at 3,111 children, found that diet soda, specifically, was associated with higher BMI. |
| International Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, 200414 |
This Purdue University study found that rats fed artificially sweetened liquids ate more
high-calorie food than rats fed high-caloric sweetened liquids. The
researchers believe the experience of drinking artificially sweetened
liquids disrupted the animals' natural ability to compensate for the
calories in the food. |
| San Antonio Heart Study, 200515 |
Data gathered from the 25-year long San Antonio Heart Study also
showed that drinking diet soft drinks increased the likelihood of
serious weight gain – far more so than regular soda.16
On average, for each diet soft drink the participants drank per day,
they were 65 percent more likely to become overweight during the next
seven to eight years, and 41 percent more likely to become obese. |
| Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 200517 |
In this two-year long study, which involved 166 school children,
increased diet soda consumption was associated with higher BMI at the
end of the trial. |
| The Journal of Pediatrics, 200618 |
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health
Study included 2,371 girls aged 9-19 for 10 years. Soda consumption in
general, both regular and diet, was associated with increase in total
daily energy intake. |
| Journal of Biology and Medicine, 201019 |
This study delves into the neurobiology of sugar cravings and
summarizes the epidemiological and experimental evidence concerning the
effect of artificial sweeteners on weight.
According to the authors: "[F]indings suggest that the calorie
contained in natural sweeteners may trigger a response to keep the
overall energy consumption constant. ...Increasing evidence suggests
that artificial sweeteners do not activate the food reward pathways in
the same fashion as natural sweeteners… [A]rtificial sweeteners,
precisely because they are sweet, encourage sugar craving and sugar
dependence." |
| Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 201020 |
This review offers a summary of epidemiological and experimental
evidence concerning the effects of artificial sweeteners on weight, and
explains those effects in light of the neurobiology of food reward. It
also shows the correlation between increased usage of artificial
sweeteners in food and drinks, and the corresponding rise in obesity.
More than 11,650 children aged 9-14 were included in this study. Each
daily serving of diet beverage was associated with a BMI increase of
0.16 kg/m2 |
| Appetite, 201221 |
Here, researchers showed that saccharin and aspartame both cause greater weight gain than sugar, even when the total caloric intake remains similar. |
| Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 201322 |
This report highlights the fact that diet soda drinkers suffer the
same exact health problems as those who opt for regular soda, such as
excessive weight gain, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and stroke.23,24 The researchers speculate that frequent consumption of artificial sweeteners may induce metabolic derangements. |
| Nature, 201425 |
This study was able to clearly show causality, revealing
there's a direct cause and effect relationship between consuming
artificial sweeteners and developing elevated blood sugar levels.
People who consumed high amounts of artificial sweeteners were found to
have higher levels of HbA1C—a long-term measure of blood sugar—compared
to non-users or occasional users of artificial sweeteners.
Seven volunteers who did not use artificial sweeteners were then
recruited, and asked to consume the equivalent of 10-12 single-dose
packets of artificial sweeteners daily for one week.
Four of the seven people developed "significant disturbances in their
blood glucose," according to the researchers. Some became pre-diabetic
within just a few days. The reason for this dramatic shift was traced
back to alterations in gut bacteria. Some bacteria were killed off,
while others started proliferating. |
| PLOS One, 201426 |
This study, which was done on rats, using aspartame, also found an
increased risk of glucose intolerance. Animals that consume artificial
sweeteners ended up with raised levels of propionate—short-chain fatty
acids (SCFAs) involved in sugar production. Consumption of artificial
sweeteners shifted gut microbiota to produce propionate, which generated
higher blood sugar levels. |
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