Chapter Four
World War I & the Balfour Declaration
Most analysts consider WWI a pointless conflict that resulted from diplomatic entanglements
rather than some travesty of justice or aggression. Yet, it was catastrophic to a generation of
Europeans, killing 14 million people.[59]
The United States joined this unnecessary war a few years into the hostilities, costing many
American lives, even though the U.S. was not party to the alliances that had drawn other nations into
the fray. This even though Americans had been strongly opposed to entering the war and Woodrow
Wilson had won the presidency with the slogan, “He kept us out of war.”[60]
President Wilson changed course in 1917 and plunged the U.S. into that tragic European conflict.
Approximately 270,000 Americans were killed or injured.[61] Over 1,200 American citizens who
opposed the war were rounded up and imprisoned, some for years.[62]
A number of reasons were publicly given for Wilson‘s change of heart, including Germany‘s
submarine warfare, Germany’s sinking of the American passenger ship Lusitania, and a diplomatic
debacle known as the Zimmerman Telegram episode.[63] Historians also add pro-British propaganda
and economic reasons to the list of causes, and most suggest that a number of factors were at play.
While Americans today are aware of many of these facts, few know that Zionism appears to have
been one of those factors.
Diverse documentary evidence shows that Zionists pushed for the U.S. to enter the war on
Britain’s side as part of a deal to gain British support for their colonization of Palestine.
From the very beginning of their movement, Zionists realized that if they were to succeed in their
goal of creating a Jewish state on land that was already inhabited by non-Jews, they needed backing
from one of the “great powers.”[64] They tried the Ottoman Empire, which controlled Palestine at the
time, but were turned down (although they were told that Jews could settle throughout other parts of
the Ottoman empire and become Turkish citizens).[65]
They then turned to Britain, which was also initially less than enthusiastic. Famous English
Middle East experts such as Gertrude Bell pointed out that Palestine was Arab and that Jerusalem
was sacred to all three major monotheistic faiths.[66]
Future British Foreign Minister Lord George Curzon similarly stated that Palestine was already
inhabited by half a million Arabs who would “not be content either to be expropriated for Jewish
immigrants or to act merely as hewers of wood and drawers of water for the latter.”[67]
However, once the British were embroiled in World War I, and particularly during 1916, a
disastrous year for the Allies in which there were 60,000 British casualties in one day alone,[68]
Zionists were able to play a winning card. While they previously had appealed to religious or
idealistic arguments, now Zionist leaders could add a particularly powerful motivator: telling the
British government that Zionists in the U.S. would push America to enter the war on the side of the
British, if the British promised to support a Jewish home in Palestine afterward.[69]
In 1917 British Foreign Minister Lord Balfour issued a letter to Zionist leader Lord Rothschild.
Known as the Balfour Declaration, this letter promised that Britain would “view with favour the
establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” and “use their best endeavours
to facilitate the achievement of this object.”
The letter then qualified this somewhat by stating that it should be “clearly understood that nothing
shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities
in Palestine.” The “non-Jewish communities“ were 92 percent of Palestine’s population at that
time,[70] vigorous Zionist immigration efforts having slightly expanded the percentage of Jews living
in Palestine by then.
The letter, while officially signed by British Foreign Minister Lord Balfour, had been in process
for two years and had gone through a number of edits by British and American Zionists and British
officials.[71] As Zionist leader Nahum Sokolow later wrote, “[e]very idea born in London was
tested by the Zionist Organization in America, and every suggestion in America received the most
careful attention in London.”[72]
Sokolow wrote that British Zionists were helped, “above all, by American Zionists. Between
London, New York, and Washington there was constant communication, either by telegraph, or by
personal visit, and as a result there was perfect unity among the Zionists of both hemispheres.”
Sokolow particularly praised “the beneficent personal influence of the Honourable Louis D.
Brandeis, Judge of the Supreme Court.”[73]
The final version of the Declaration was actually written by Leopold Amery, a British official
who, it came out later, was a secret and fervent Zionist.[74]
It appears that the idea for such a declaration had been originally promoted by Parushim founder
Horace Kallen.
Author Peter Grose reports, “The idea had come to [the British] from an unlikely source. In
November 1915, long before the United States was involved in the war, the fertile brain of Horace
Kallen... had come up with the idea of an Allied statement supporting in whatever veiled way was
deemed necessary, Jewish national rights in Palestine.”
Grose writes that Kallen suggested the idea to a well-connected British friend who would pass the
idea along. According to Kallen, such a statement “would give a natural outlet for the spontaneous
pro-English, French, and Italian sympathies of the Jewish masses.” Kallen told his friend that this
would help break down America’s neutrality, which Kallen knew was the aim of British diplomacy,
desperate to bring the U.S. into the war on its side.
Grose writes: “Kallen‘s idea lit a spark of interest in Whitehall.”[75]
While the “Balfour Declaration“ was a less than ringing endorsement of Zionism, Zionists
considered it a major breakthrough, because it cracked open a door that they would later force wider
and wider open. In fact, many credit this as a key factor in the creation of Israel.[76]
These Balfour-WWI negotiations are referred to in various documents.
Samuel Landman, secretary of the World Zionist Organization, described them in detail in a 1936
article in World Jewry . He explained that a secret “gentleman’s agreement” had been made in 1916
between the British government and Zionist leaders:
“After an understanding had been arrived at between Sir Mark Sykes and [Zionists]
Weizmann and Sokolow, it was resolved to send a secret message to Justice Brandeis
that the British Cabinet would help the Jews to gain Palestine in return for active
Jewish sympathy and for support in the USA for the Allied cause, so as to bring about a
radical pro-Ally tendency in the United States.”[77]
Landman wrote that once the British had agreed to help the Zionists, this information was
communicated to the press, which he reported rapidly began to favor the U.S. joining the war on the
side of Britain.[78]
Landman claimed that Zionists had fulfilled their side of the contract and that it was “Jewish help
that brought U.S.A. into the war on the side of the Allies,” thus causing the defeat of Germany.[79] He
went on to state that this had “rankled” in Germany ever since and “contributed in no small measure
to the prominence which anti-Semitism occupies in the Nazi programme.”
British Colonial Secretary Lord Cavendish also wrote about this agreement and its result in a
1923 memorandum to the British Cabinet, stating: “The object [of the Balfour Declaration] was to
enlist the sympathies on the Allied side of influential Jews and Jewish organizations all over the
world… [and] it is arguable that the negotiations with the Zionists…did in fact have considerable
effect in advancing the date at which the United States government intervened in the war.”[80]
Former British Prime Minister Lloyd George similarly referred to the deal, telling a British
commission in 1935: “Zionist leaders gave us a definite promise that, if the Allies committed
themselves to giving facilities for the establishment of a national home for the Jews in Palestine, they
would do their best to rally Jewish sentiment and support throughout the world to the Allied cause.
They kept their word.”[81]
Brandeis University professor and author Frank E. Manuel reported that Lloyd George had
testified in 1937 “that stimulating the war effort of American Jews was one of the major motives
which, during a harrowing period in the European war, actuated members of the cabinet in finally
casting their votes for the Declaration.”[82]
American career Foreign Service Officer Evan M. Wilson, who had served as Minister-Consul
General in Jerusalem, also described this arrangement in his book Decision on Palestine. He wrote
that the Balfour declaration “…was given to the Jews largely for the purpose of enlisting Jewish
support in the war and of forestalling a similar promise by the Central Powers [Britain’s enemies in
World War I]”.[83]
The official biographer of Lloyd George, author Malcolm Thomson, stated that the “determining
factor” in the decision to issue the Balfour Declaration was the “scheme for engaging by some such
concession the support of American Zionists for the allied cause in the first world war.”[84]
Similarly, Zionist historian Naomi Cohen calls the Balfour Declaration a “wartime measure,” and
writes: “Its immediate object was to capture Jewish sympathy, especially in the United States, for the
Allies and to shore up England’s strategic interests in the Near East.” The Declaration was pushed,
she writes, “by leading Zionists in England and by Brandeis, who intervened with President
Wilson.”[85]
Finally, David Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of Israel, wrote in 1939: “To a certain extent
America had played a decisive role in the First World War, and American Jewry had a considerable
part, knowingly or not, in the achievement of the Balfour Declaration.”[86]
The influence of Brandeis and other Zionists in the U.S. had enabled Zionists to form an alliance
with Britain, one of the world’s great powers, a remarkable achievement for a non-state group and a
measure of Zionists’ by-then immense power. As historian Kolsky states, the Zionist movement was
now “an important force in international politics.”[87]
American Zionists may also have played a role in preventing an early peace with the Ottoman
Empire.[88]
In May 1917 American Secretary of State Robert Lansing received a report that the Ottomans
were extremely weary of the war and that it might be possible to induce them to break with Germany
and make a separate peace with Britain.[89]
Such a peace would have helped in Britain’s effort to win the war (victory was still far from
ensured), but it would have prevented Britain from acquiring Palestine and enabling a Jewish
state.[90]
The State Department considered a separate Ottoman peace a long shot, but decided to send an
emissary to pursue the possibility. Felix Frankfurter became part of the delegation and ultimately
persuaded the delegation’s leader, former Ambassador Henry J. Morgenthau, to abandon the
effort.[91]
US State Department officials considered that Zionists had worked to scuttle this potentially
peace-making mission and were unhappy about it.[92] Zionists often construed such displeasure at
their actions as evidence of American diplomats’ “anti-Semitism.”
Chapter Five
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE 1919: ZIO
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